1 ELS english legal system

鏈�鏃╃殑灏氬湪鐢熸晥鐨剆tatute鏄痶he statute of Marlborough

鑻卞浗parliament鐢变笁閮ㄥ垎缁勬垚锛宮onarch锛宧ouse of lords锛坙ife peer鍜宧ereditary peer锛夛紝house of commons锛堜袱涓猦ouse閮芥湁speaker璐熻矗绉╁簭锛�

Acts of parliament灏辨槸statutes锛屾牴鎹�鍏舵巿鏉冨彲浠ユ寚瀹歴econdary legislation锛屼緥濡俵ocal council鎸囧畾鐨刡ylaw锛宻tatutory instruments锛圫Is锛�

涓�璇讳笉杈╄�恒�備篃鍙�浠ュ弽杩囨潵璧扮▼搴忥紝鏈変簺鎯呭喌涓嬩笅璁�闄㈠彲浠ョ粫杩囦笂璁�闄㈢洿鎺ョ珛娉�

鍥介檯鏉＄害琚�骞跺叆鑻卞浗娉曠殑绋嬪簭鏄痩aid before the parliament by a minister for 21 sitting day銆傚�傛灉parliament娌℃湁閫氳繃鍐宠��璁ゅ畾鏉＄害涓嶅簲琚�鎵瑰噯锛屽垯鏀垮簻寮�濮嬫壒鍑嗙▼搴�

supremacy of parliament锛氳��浼氬彲浠ュ埗瀹氫换浣曟硶寰嬶紝鍖呮嫭鎺ㄧ炕涔嬪墠鐨勬硶寰嬶紝娉曢櫌鏃犳潈瀹℃煡锛屼换浣曚汉涓嶄細鍥犲叾鍦ㄨ��浼氫腑鐨勮瘽鑰屽彈鍒拌捣璇�

鏀垮簻娉曟�堟潵鑷�鏀垮簻锛屽�勭悊褰卞搷鍏�浼楃殑浜嬪姟銆傚畠浠�瀵规瘡涓�浜洪兘鏈夌害鏉熷姏銆傝繖浜涙槸鏀垮簻甯屾湜閫氳繃鐨勬硶妗堬紝浠ュ疄鐜板叾鎬讳綋鐩�鏍囧拰鐩�鐨勶紝鏈夋椂琚�绉颁负鏀垮簻鐨勭珛娉曡�″垝銆傝繖涓�璁″垝鍦ㄦ瘡灞婅��浼氫换鏈熷紑濮嬫椂鐢卞悰涓诲湪璁�浼氬彂琛ㄦ紨璁插�ｅ竷

绉佷汉璁�鍛樻硶妗堜笉鏄�鏀垮簻娉曟�堛�傚畠浠�鏄�鍥戒細璁�鍛樻垨涓婅��闄㈣��鍛樹釜浜烘彁鍑虹殑娉曟�堛�傝繖閫氬父鏄�鍥犱负浠栦滑鑷�宸辩殑涓�浜涙媴蹇э紝鎴栬�呮槸浠栦滑鐨勬敮鎸佽�呯殑鎷呭咖

绉佷汉娉曟�堟槸鎸囧彧閽堝�圭壒瀹氫汉缇ゃ�佺壒瀹氱粍缁囨垨鍦板尯鍒跺畾鐨勬硶妗堛��

娣峰悎娉曟�堟彁鍑虹殑娉曞緥鍙樻洿灏嗗奖鍝嶅叕浼楋紝浣嗕篃灏嗗�圭壒瀹氫釜浜烘垨缇や綋浜х敓鏇撮噸澶х殑褰卞搷

鏀垮簻鎸囧畾娉曟�堝墠鍙�鑳芥湁缁跨毊涔﹀拰鐧界毊涔︼紝缁跨毊涔﹁浇鏈夋潯渚嬭崏妗堢殑澶х翰寤鸿��锛屽苟閭�璇峰ぇ瀹惰�ㄨ�烘嫙璁�鐨勬柊娉曚緥銆傜櫧鐨�涔︽槸鏇磋�︾粏鐨勬枃浠�

SIs鏈�甯歌�佺殑浜岀骇绔嬫硶绫诲瀷,鐢辨斂搴滈儴闂ㄨ捣鑽夛紝鍖呭惈鍏充簬SI鐩�鐨勭殑澹版槑锛屽苟寮曠敤璧嬩簣鍏跺埗瀹氭潈鍔涚殑娉曟��

byelaws鐢卞湴鏂硅��浼氭垨涓庤��浼氬悎浣滅殑鍏朵粬缁勭粐鍒跺畾鐨勬硶寰嬶紝瑕佹眰鍦ㄧ壒瀹氶�嗗煙鍋氭煇浜嬫垨涓嶅仛鏌愪簨锛屾垨浠ュ叾浠栨柟寮忚�勮寖鍦ㄧ壒瀹氶�嗗煙鍋氫粈涔堬紝鍙�鑳藉寘鎷�瀵逛笉閬靛畧鐨勬儵缃�

codification鍜宑onsolidation鐨勫尯鍒�锛氬悗鑰呮槸灏嗘垚鏂囨硶鍜屽垽渚嬫硶姹囩紪

娉曞緥瑙ｉ噴鐨勬柟寮忥細literal rule锛実olden rule锛堟牴鎹�绔嬫硶鎰忓浘閬垮厤瀛楅潰瑙ｉ噴鐨勮崚璋�锛屾�ゆ椂锛屽瓧闈㈠惈涔夋槸鏄庣‘鐨勶級锛宮ischief rule锛堢湅鎰忓浘瑙ｅ喅鐨刴ischief鏄�浠�涔堜互瑕嗙洊瀛楅潰鍚�涔夋湭瑕嗙洊鐨勮寖鍥达級锛宲urposive approach锛堜竴鑸�鍖呭惈涓�浜涙ā绯婄殑鎺�杈烇級

涓変釜鎺ㄥ畾锛氶櫎闈炴垚鏂囨硶鏄庣‘鍙樻洿鏅�閫氭硶鏅�閫氭硶鎵嶄細鍙樻洿锛屼笉婧�鍙婃棦寰�锛屽垜浜嬫�堜欢涓�瀛樼枒鏈夊埄浜庤��鍛�

Noscitur a Sociis褰撳瓧鍙ユ湁鐤戜箟鏃讹紝搴斾粠鍏朵笂涓嬫枃鏉ョ‘瀹氬叾鎰忎箟

Expressio Unius est Exclusio Alterius鏄庣ず鍏朵竴鎺掗櫎鍏朵粬

In Pari Materia搴斿皢鐩稿悓涓婚�樼殑娉曞緥涓�骞惰В閲婏紝浠ヤ究浠庝腑鍙戠幇骞跺疄鐜扮珛娉曠洰鐨勫拰鎰忓浘

Ejusdem Generis鍦ㄥ垪涓炬暟椤圭壒瀹氱殑浜烘垨鐗╀箣鍚庯紝绱ф帴鐫�閲囩敤浜嗕竴涓�鎬绘嫭鎬ц〃杩扮殑鍗曡瘝鎴栫煭璇�鏃讹紝璇ユ�绘嫭鎬ц��璇嶅彧鑳借В閲婁负鍖呮嫭涓庡叾鍒椾妇鑰呭悓绫荤殑浜烘垨鐗�

intrinsic aid锛氬湪璇ユ硶鏈�韬�涓�鍙戠幇鐨勮緟鍔╂墜娈点�傝繖鍙�浠ュ寘鎷�璇ユ硶妗堢殑鐭�鏍囬�樸�侀暱鏍囬�樺拰浠讳綍搴忚█锛岃繖浜涙爣棰樺彲浠ヨ�╀汉浠�浜嗚В璁�浼氬湪鍒跺畾绔嬫硶鏃剁殑鎰忓浘

extrinsic aid锛氬�栧湪杈呭姪宸ュ叿鏄�閭ｄ簺鏉ヨ嚜璇ユ硶妗堜箣澶栫殑甯�鍔╋紝鏈夊姪浜庢彁渚涢�濆�栫殑鑳屾櫙銆備緥濡傦紝浠ュ墠鐨勬硶妗堝拰宸插垽鍐崇殑妗堜欢鍙�浠ョ獊鍑烘柊娉曟�堟棬鍦ㄨВ鍐崇殑闂�棰橈紝杩欏彲鑳戒細浣胯��浼氱殑鎰忓浘鏇村姞鏄庣‘銆傚寘鎷琱ansard锛屽瓧鍏哥瓑

barrister锛屼篃琚�绉颁负鈥渃ounsel鈥濓紝鏄�涓撲笟杈╂姢寰嬪笀銆備粬鎴栧ス灏嗗湪鍚勭骇娉曢櫌绯荤粺澶勭悊妗堜欢锛屽苟鎻愪緵涓撲笟娉曞緥寤鸿��銆傚ぇ澶氭暟澶у緥甯堜粠solicitor閭ｉ噷鎺ュ彈宸ヤ綔锛岃�屼笉鏄�鐩存帴浠庡�㈡埛閭ｉ噷銆俿olicitor鏄�鏇村�氶潰鎵嬬殑寰嬪笀銆傚湪鑻辨牸鍏板拰濞佸皵澹�锛岀粷澶у�氭暟寰嬪笀瀹為檯涓婇兘鏄�鍒濈骇寰嬪笀銆備粬浠�涓哄�㈡埛鎻愪緵寤鸿��锛屽湪涓嬬骇娉曢櫌浠ｈ〃浠栦滑锛屽苟涓洪珮绾ф硶闄㈢殑鍑哄涵寰嬪笀鍑嗗�囨�堜欢銆�

legal executive鏄�涓�绉嶅緥甯堬紝浠栦滑鍦ㄧ壒瀹氶�嗗煙鎺ュ彈杩囧煿璁�骞朵粠浜嬩笟鍔★紝閫氬父鏄�璐�浜ц浆璁╋紝涔熷氨鏄�涔板崠璐�浜с�傚ぇ澶氭暟娉曞緥琛屾斂浜哄憳鍦ㄥ緥甯堜簨鍔℃墍宸ヤ綔锛屽湪寰嬪笀鐨勭洃鐫ｄ笅宸ヤ綔銆傚ぇ澶氭暟magistrate閮芥槸涓嶅叿澶囨硶寰嬭祫鏍肩殑闈炰笓涓氫汉澹�銆傜劧鑰岋紝鍍忔硶瀹樹竴鏍凤紝浠栦滑涔熸槸鍙告硶鏈烘瀯鐨勬垚鍛樸�備粬浠�鎺ュ彈鍩硅��锛屽湪杈冭交寰�鐨勫垜浜嬫�堜欢涓�鎷呬换娉曞畼锛屽嵆鍦ㄥ綋鍦板湴鏂规硶闄㈠�＄悊鐨勬�堜欢銆�

attorney general鏄�鐜嬪�ょ殑棣栧腑娉曞緥椤鹃棶锛屽疄闄呬笂涔熷氨鏄�鏀垮簻鐨勯�栧腑娉曞緥椤鹃棶銆傛�绘��瀵熼暱杩樻湁鍑犻」鐙�绔嬬殑鑱岃兘锛屼粬鎴栧ス鈥滀负浜嗗叕浼楀埄鐩娾�濊�屽饱琛岃繖浜涜亴鑳姐�備緥濡傦紝鍙�灏嗕换浣曚技涔庤繃浜庡�藉ぇ鐨勫垜浜嬪垽鍐虫彁浜や笂璇夋硶闄�銆傛渶鍚庯紝浠栨垨濂硅繕鐩戠潱鍚勭�嶆硶寰嬪畼鍛樼殑閮ㄩ棬锛屽�侰rown Prosecution Service鍜孲erious Fraud Office銆係olicitor ral鏄疉ttorney General鐨勫壇鎵嬨�備粬浠�閮藉皢鏄�缁忛獙涓板瘜鐨勫悎鏍煎緥甯堛�侸ustice Secretary鏄�璐熻矗鍙告硶閮ㄧ殑鏀垮簻閮ㄩ暱銆傝繖鏄�绠＄悊娉曢櫌銆佺洃鐙卞拰缂撳垜鏈嶅姟鐨勬斂搴滈儴闂ㄣ�傚畠杩樼粡钀ョ潃attendance center锛岃礋璐ｇ洃鐫ｄ竴浜涜��瀹氱姜鐨勫勾杞荤姜鐘�銆傚徃娉曢儴闀夸笉涓�瀹氳�佹湁娉曞緥璧勬牸

High Court浠ヤ笂璇夎韩浠藉紑搴�鏃跺彈鑷�韬�鍏堜緥鐨勭害鏉燂紝浠ヤ竴瀹℃硶闄㈠紑搴�鏃朵笉鍙楋紝Court of Appeal鍒欏彈鍏惰嚜韬�鍏堜緥绾︽潫锛屼緥澶栧湪浜庡瓨鍦ㄧ浉鐭涚浘鐨勫厛渚嬶紝鎴栧叾鑷�韬�鍏堜緥涓庢渶楂樻硶闄㈠啿绐侊紝鎴栬�ュ厛渚嬫湰韬�鏄�蹇借�嗗叾鍏堜緥鎴栨硶寰嬭�勫畾鐨勬儏鍐典笅鍋氬嚭鐨�

鍒戜簨鐘�缃�鍒嗕负summary only锛宨ndictment only鍜宔ither way銆傛病鏈夐櫔瀹″洟閫夋嫨绋嬪簭锛岄櫔瀹″憳闅忔満閫夋嫨锛屼緥澶栨儏鍐典笅鎵嶄細琚�鎺掗櫎锛�18-75锛岃嚜13宀佽捣鍦ㄨ嫳鍥藉眳浣忎簲骞达紝杩囧幓鍗佸勾娌℃湁琚�鍒ゅ垜鎴栨病鏈夎��鍒ゅ�勪簲骞翠互涓婃湁鏈熷緬鍒戞垨涓嶅湪淇濋噴鏈熼棿鍐呮垨杩囧幓浜斿勾鏈�鏇捐��鍒ゅ�勭紦鍒戯級

琚�鍛婂湪鍦版柟娉曢櫌鍚庡彲浠�appeal against conviction涓诲紶鏃犵姜涓婅瘔鍒癱rown court锛屼篃鍙�浠�appeal against sentence涓诲紶閲忓垜杩囬噸涓婅瘔鍒癱rown court锛屾垨浠讳綍涓�鏂逛互appeal 'by way of case stated涓诲紶娉曢櫌娉曞緥閿欒��锛屼笂璇夊埌楂樼瓑娉曢櫌锛屼箣鍚庝篃鍙�浠ヤ笂璇夎嚦鏈�楂橀櫌锛屼絾闇�瑕佽瘉鏄庢槸a point of law of general public importance

瀵筩onfession鐨勬帓闄ゅ湪瀹″垽鍓嶇敵璇凤紝濡傛灉鎴愬姛锛屽繀椤绘帓闄�

criminal law灞炰簬public law锛氬寘鎷瑃ax

procecution 鎸囨帶

civil law锛歵respass 鎿呰嚜杩涘叆锛宩udicial review

substantive law瀹炰綋娉� procedural law 绋嬪簭娉�

primarily legislation 锛歱assed by parliament,highest souce of law

secondary legislation:made by the authorisation of parliament:subordinate legislation/ delegated legislation<w:t>寰坈ommon,

sale of goods act 1979

preamble 搴忚█ 寮�鍦虹櫧

s90(1)(c)(i) section 90, sub-section 1,paragraph c, sub-paragraph 1

international treaties鍥介檯鏉＄害:royal prerogative鍚涗富鐗规潈

works of authorities: written by academics,persuasive authority涔︾睄not binding涓嶅叿绾︽潫鍔�

conventions鎯�渚� monarch 鍚涗富

explain the difference between case law and legislation .

case law is common law made by judge by interpreting the legislation passed by parliament while legislation is passed by the parliament. When they conflict, the legislation shall prevail.

statutory interpretation娉曞畾瑙ｉ噴

literal rules瀛楅潰瑙ｉ噴娉�(natural and ordinary meaning), golden rule榛勯噾娉曞垯锛堥槻姝�absurd result锛�, mischief rule 锛坮emedy锛�鎹熷�宠�勫垯,purposive appraoch鐩�鐨勬硶锛坈ontent锛�

quash the defendent&apos;s conviction<w:t xml:space="preserve"> 鎾ら攢琚�鍛婄殑瀹氱姜

harsh and absurd results 涓ラ叿鑽掕艾鐨勭粨鏋�

dead vote issue 姝荤エ

1.produce absurdity 2. result in a repugnant situation瀵艰嚧涓�绉嶄护浜哄帉鎭剁殑灞�闈�

vicinity 鍛ㄥ洿

circumvent 瑙勯伩

ascertain 鏌ユ槑 纭�瀹�

doctrim

expressio unius est exclusia alterius: expression of one is the exclusion of others鏄庣ず鍏朵竴鍗虫帓闄ゅ叾浠�

noscitur a sociis :words derive meaning from the company they keep鍚屽叾鑱斿悎鑰呰В閲�

cloth bag甯冭��

canister灏忕綈

penultimate</w:r><w:r><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="寰�杞�闆呴粦" w:hAnsi="寰�杞�闆呴粦" w:cs="寰�杞�闆呴粦"/><w:i w:val="0"/><w:strike w:val="0"/><w:color w:val="2A2B2E"/><w:spacing w:val="0"/><w:sz w:val="21"/><w:u w:val="none"/><w:shd w:val="clear" w:color="auto" w:fill="FFFFFF"/></w:rPr><w:t>鍊掓暟绗�浜岀殑

pari materia:upon the same matter or subject<w:t>鍚屼竴浜嬮」锛氬叧浜庡悓涓�浜嬩欢鎴栦富棰�

2 sources of law-case law

legal&amp; non-legal

4 constitutional law

advocate涓嶈兘浠呬粎涓虹緸杈憋紝渚�杈辨垨浣胯瘉浜烘垨浠讳綍浜虹敓姘斻�備篃涓嶈兘瀵硅瘉浜哄仛鎸囨帶闄ら潪鍏佽�稿叾鍥炵瓟锛屾垨瀵瑰叾浠栦汉鎸囨帶鎴栨殫绀哄叾鏈夌姜闄ら潪鏈夊悎鐞嗗熀纭�鎴栦笌妗堜欢鎴栬瘉浜虹殑淇＄敤鐩稿叧锛堝嵆浣夸笉鎻愬悕瀛椾篃涓嶈�岋紝蹇呴』鏈夊悎鐞嗗熀纭�锛夛紝涓嶈兘鍙戣〃瀵逛簨瀹炵殑涓�浜烘剰瑙侀櫎闈炶��瑕佹眰濡傛�ゅ仛

barrister涓嶇粡鎵嬬粰绗�涓夋柟鐨刢lient money

闄ら潪寰楀埌瀵规柟浠ｇ悊浜烘垨娉曞涵鐨勫厑璁革紝璇佷汉鍦ㄦ彁渚涜瘉鎹�锛堜篃灏辨槸浜ゅ弶璇㈤棶杩囩▼涓�锛夛紝寰嬪笀涓嶈兘鍜岃瘉浜烘帴瑙︼紝涔熷寘鎷�鑷�宸辩殑瀹㈡埛

barrister鐨刴inor offence涓嶉渶瑕佹姤鍛�

newly qualified barrister闇�瑕佸湪chamber鍛嗕笁骞存墠鑳藉嚭鏉ョ嫭绔嬫墽涓�

寰嬪笀涓嶈兘鎶婅嚜宸辩殑娲昏浆鍖呯粰devil鎴杙upil鍋氾紙浠ヨ嚜宸辩殑璐圭巼锛�

濡傛灉鏈夊悎鐞嗗熀纭�璁や负鍒�鐨刡arrister鏈塻erious misconduct锛岄渶瑕佹兂BSB鎶ュ憡

referral fee鏄�杩濊�勭殑

鍑虹�熻溅绔欏師鍒欙紙鑻辨枃锛欳ab-rank rule锛夛細鎵т笟澶у緥甯堟帴鍒版�堜欢鍚庯紝闄ら潪瀛樺湪鍒╃泭鍐茬獊锛堝緥甯堟湰浜哄�瑰�㈡埛鐨勭湅娉曚笌鍏舵槸鍚﹀瓨鍦ㄥ埄鐩婂啿绐佹棤鍏筹級锛屽惁鍒欏彧瑕佸綋浜嬩汉鑳藉�熸敮浠樿垂鐢�锛屼究蹇呴』鎺ュ彈濮旇仒

涓峱roperly arguable鐨勮�虹偣涓嶈兘鍐欒繘statement閲岋紝鍗充娇瀹㈡埛鍧氭寔涔熶笉琛�

1. constitutional fundamentals and聽source of constitution

鑻卞浗瀹�娉曟槸unwritten锛宮onarchical锛寀nitary锛宖lexible锛宨nformal separation of power銆傛牳蹇冨師鍒欐槸rule of law锛宻eparation of power锛宲arliamentary supremacy

娓婃簮鍖呮嫭Acts of Parliament锛汣ase law锛汿he Royal Prerogative锛堢敱澶ц嚕浠ｈ〃鍚涗富琛屼娇锛屾瘮濡傚�ｆ垬鍜岀�捐�㈠浗闄呮潯绾︼級锛汣onstitutional conventions

浼犵粺涓婃硶闄�涓嶄細瀹＄悊prerogative power锛堝綋鐒舵湁涓�浜涗緥澶栵級

2. parliament and parliamentary supremacy

涓嬭��闄㈡壒鍑嗗�炵◣娉曟�堛�備笂璁�闄㈠寘鎷琹ife peers, hereditary peers锛岃繕鏈�26鍚峛ishop鍜宎rchbishop

parliamentary supremacy锛歟nrolled act rule锛堝嵆娉曢櫌涓嶈兘鎸戞垬娉曞緥鐨勬湁鏁堟�э級銆俿tatute鍑岄┚浜庡浗闄呮硶鍜屽��娉曟儻渚嬩箣涓婏紝鍙�浠ヤ慨鏀瑰��娉曪紝鍙�浠ュ簾闄ゅ拰闄愬埗鐜嬪�ょ壒鏉冿紝鍙�浠ユ函鍙婃棦寰�

璁�浼氳嚦涓婄殑闄愬埗锛氳嫃鏍煎叞鐨刣evolution锛屾櫘閫氭硶寰嬪彲浠ラ粯绀哄簾闄よ�屽��娉曟硶寰嬪彧鑳芥槑绀哄簾闄わ紝浜烘潈娉曡祴浜堟硶闄㈠湪璁や负璁�浼氭硶妗堢殑鏉℃�句笉绗﹀悎銆婁汉鏉冩硶銆嬫墍淇濋殰鐨勬潈鍒╂椂鍙戝竷涓嶇浉瀹瑰０鏄庣殑鏉冨姏锛孒enry VIII power鍏佽�搁儴闀块�氳繃娆＄骇绔嬫硶鐨勫舰寮忎慨鏀瑰拰搴熼櫎璁�浼氭硶寰�

3. devolution

鑻忔牸鍏版硶鍏佽�歌嫃鏍煎叞璁�浼氬湪鏌愪簺棰嗗煙锛屽�傚崼鐢熴�佹暀鑲插拰娉曞緥浜嬪姟鏂归潰鎷ユ湁涓�瀹氱殑绔嬫硶鏉冿紝涔熷寘鎷�鎵�寰楃◣鍙樺姩鏉冨姏銆傝嫃鏍煎叞璁�浼氬拰琛屾斂鏈烘瀯鏄�鑻卞浗瀹�娉曞畨鎺掔殑姘镐箙缁勬垚閮ㄥ垎銆傚洜姝わ紝闄ら潪鑻忔牸鍏颁汉姘戝湪鍏ㄦ皯鍏�鍐充腑鎶曠エ璧炴垚锛屽惁鍒欏畠浠�涓嶈兘琚�搴熼櫎銆傛�ゅ�栵紝鏈�缁忚嫃鏍煎叞璁�浼氬悓鎰忥紝鑱斿悎鐜嬪浗璁�浼氫笉寰楀氨宸茬Щ浜ょ殑浜嬪姟杩涜�岀珛娉�

鏈�楂樻硶闄㈠�＄悊鍏ㄨ嫳鍥界殑姘戜簨妗堜欢涓婅瘔鍜岃嫳濞佺埍鐨勫垜浜嬩笂璇夈�傝嫳鍥芥斂搴滃拰涓変釜鍦版柟鏀垮簻鐨勫叧绯婚�氳繃Memorandum of Understanding瑙勫畾锛屼絾涓嶆槸娉曞緥鏂囦欢锛屼笉璁剧疆鏉冨埄涔夊姟鍏崇郴銆傝嫳鍥芥斂搴滄壙鎷呬笁涓�鍦版柟鏀垮簻鍦ㄥ浗闄呬簨鍔′腑鐨勬潈鐩�

鐞嗚�轰笂璁诧紝UK parliament浠嶇劧淇濈暀涓绘潈锛屽洜姝わ紝瀹冨彲浠ラ�氳繃娉曞緥锛屾秹鍙奷evolved matter锛屽嵆浣胯嫃濞佺埍鍙嶅��

鑻忔牸鍏版湁鏉冧慨鏀筓K parliament鐨勬硶寰嬶紝闄ら潪鐩稿叧浜嬮」涓嶅湪鍏剁珛娉曟潈闄愬唴

4.聽Legitimacy, Separation of Powers and the Rule of Law

鍏�鍔″憳锛岃�﹀療鍜屾�﹁�呴儴闃熸垚鍛樹笉鑳芥垚涓轰笅璁�闄㈣��鍛樸�傛硶瀹樼敱涓ら櫌鎶曠エ缃㈠厤銆傞�栫浉杩橀渶瑕佹瘡鍛ㄤ笁鐢�30鍒嗛挓鐨勬椂闂村洖绛旀湁闄愭暟閲忕殑闂�棰樸�傚�逛簬杈╄�猴紝鏍规嵁鈥滃父璁惧懡浠も�濓紝鍙�浠ュ氨绱ф�ラ棶棰樿繘琛岀揣鎬ヨ京璁恒�傚�傛灉鏀垮簻鍦ㄤ笅璁�闄㈢殑涓嶄俊浠诲姩璁�涓�琚�鍑昏触锛屽苟涓斿湪14澶╁唴鏃犳硶鎭㈠�嶄俊浠伙紝鏀垮簻蹇呴』杈炶亴銆傝�屾斂浜哄憳涓嶅簲鎵硅瘎鍙告硶鍐冲畾鎴栨硶瀹樹釜浜猴紝瀹�娉曟儻渚嬩篃纭�淇濊��鍛樹笉鎵硅瘎娉曞畼锛屾硶瀹樹笉鎴愪负璁�鍛�

5. public order law

娓歌�岀殑浜嬪厛閫氱煡蹇呴』鍦ㄦ嫙涓捐�岀殑娲诲姩鑷冲皯6澶╁墠閫佽揪璀︽柟锛岃�存槑娓歌�岀殑鏃ユ湡銆佹椂闂淬�佽矾绾夸互鍙婃彁璁�缁勭粐娓歌�岀殑浜虹殑濮撳悕鍜屽湴鍧�銆備絾閫佽懍闃熶紞鎴栬�﹀療杈栧尯鍐呮儻甯镐妇琛岀殑娲诲姩涓嶉渶瑕佷簨鍏堥�氱煡銆備緥澶栬繕鍖呮嫭瀵规煇浜涙柊闂荤殑鍗冲叴鍙嶅簲锛屼緥濡傜獊鐒跺�ｅ竷宸ュ巶鍏抽棴鎴栨斂搴滄剰澶栭噰鍙栧啗浜嬭�屽姩銆備笉閫氱煡鎴栭�氱煡鍙樺寲灞炰簬鍒戜簨鐘�缃�

璀︽柟鏈夋潈瀵瑰叕浼楁父琛屾柦鍔犳潯浠讹紝浣嗗彧鏈夊湪楂樼骇璀﹀憳鍚堢悊鍦扮浉淇℃父琛屽彲鑳藉�艰嚧涓ラ噸鐨勫叕鍏辩З搴忔贩涔便�佷弗閲嶇牬鍧忚储浜ф垨涓ラ噸鎵颁贡绀惧尯鐢熸椿锛屾垨缁勭粐鑰呯殑鐩�鐨勬槸鎭愬悡鐨勬儏鍐典笅鎵嶅彲銆傛洿涓ラ噸鐨勬儏鍐典笅锛屽簲鍚戝湴鍖鸿��浼氱敵璇蜂竴椤瑰懡浠わ紝绂佹�㈠叕浼楁父琛屼笉瓒呰繃3涓�鏈�

涓嶈�佹眰浜嬪厛閫氱煡璀﹀療鍏�浼�闆嗕細(涔熶笉鎺堜簣璀﹀療绂佹�㈠叕浼楅泦浼氱殑鏉冨姏)銆備絾鏄�锛岃�﹀療鏈夋潈瀵瑰叕浼楅泦浼氭柦鍔犳潯浠讹紝浣嗕粎闄愪簬鍦扮偣銆佹渶闀挎寔缁�鏃堕棿鍜屾渶澶氬弬鍔犱汉鏁扮瓑鏉′欢锛堟瘮娓歌�岀獎锛夈�俢hief officer鏈夋潈绂佹�㈤潪娉曚镜鍏ラ泦浼�(鍗冲湪绉佷汉鑰岄潪鍏�鍏卞湡鍦颁笂闆嗕細)

5 legal service

provider of legal service

reserved legal activities锛�the exercise of a right of audience锛堝嚭搴�鍜屽彂瑷�鏉冨埄锛屽寘鎷�浼犲敜鍜岃�㈤棶璇佷汉锛夛紱the conduct of litigation锛況eserved instrument activities锛堝噯澶囧拰鎻愪氦鍏充簬娉曢櫌绋嬪簭鎴栧湡鍦拌浆璁╃殑娉曞緥鏂囦欢锛夛紱probate activities锛沶otarial activities锛泃he administration of oaths

Legal Service Board鐩戠��approved regulator锛屽寘鎷琒RA锛孊ar Council绛�

Regulated provider鍖呮嫭solicitor锛宐arrister锛宑hartered accountant锛宑hartered legal executive锛堜笓鏀绘煇涓�棰嗗煙锛夛紝cost lawyer锛宭icensed conveyancer锛宯otaries锛堝潕鐗逛集闆峰ぇ涓绘暀faculty office浠诲懡锛夛紝patent attorney锛宼rademark attorney

regulation outside Legal Service Act鍖呮嫭绉绘皯鍜岀牬浜э紝浣嗗彈鍒板叾浠栨硶寰嬬�＄悊銆倁nregulated provider鍖呮嫭閬楀槺鍜岄仐浜х�＄悊锛屽�朵簨鐗瑰埆鏄�绂诲�氾紝鐭ヨ瘑浜ф潈

2. regulatory role of SRA

SRA閲囧彇risk-based regulation锛岃繘琛宖irm-based authorisation锛宔ligible business鍖呮嫭recognized sole practice锛堜竴涓�寰嬪笀锛夛紝recognized body锛堟墍鏈塵anager鍜屾潈鐩婃寔鏈変汉閮芥槸qualified锛屽彲浠ヨ�村悎浼欙紝LLP锛屽叕鍙革級锛宭icensed body锛坅lternative business structure锛屽彲浠ユ彁渚涢潪娉曞緥鏈嶅姟涔熷彲浠ユ彁渚涙硶寰嬫湇鍔°�傜粡鎺堟潈鍚庡彲浠ヤ粠浜媟eserved legal service

solicitor working outside authorized firm鍖呮嫭freelance solicitor锛宨n-house聽solicitor锛堝寘鎷琑EL RFL锛夊拰non-commercial organization

firm闇�瑕佷负寰嬪笀璐�涔皃rofessional indemnity insurance锛宖reelance solicitor鍜屼负unregulated organization宸ヤ綔鐨勫緥甯堜篃闇�瑕佽喘涔拌繖涓�锛屾湭鎶曚繚鐨勮瘽锛宑laim鐢眛he SRA Compensation Fund澶勭悊

3. equality act

protected characteristic鍖呮嫭骞撮緞锛涙畫鐤撅紱鍙樻�э紱濠氬Щ鍜屾皯浜嬩即渚ｅ叧绯伙紱鎬�瀛曞拰鐢熻偛锛涚�嶆棌锛涘畻鏁欐垨淇′话锛涙�у埆锛涙�у彇鍚�

鐩存帴姝ц�嗭紝闂存帴姝ц�嗭紙鎵�鏈夌兢浣撳彈鍒板钩绛夊�瑰緟锛屼絾闆囦富鏂藉姞鐨刾rovision锛宑riterion锛宲ractice瀵规煇涓�缇や綋鏋勬垚涓嶆垚姣斾緥鐨勮礋闈㈠奖鍝嶏級锛宎ssociative聽discrimination锛堝洜涓篴涓巄浜ゅ線鑰屾�ц�哸锛�

娈嬬柧姝ц�嗙殑鐗规畩鎬у湪浜庡叾浠栧彈淇濇姢鐗瑰緛瑕佹眰鐨勬槸骞崇瓑瀵瑰緟锛岃�屾畫鐤捐�佹眰鐨勬槸鍚堢悊璋冩暣浠ヤ繚闅滃疄璐ㄥ钩绛�

harassment涓嶅睘浜庢�ц�嗭紝浣嗕篃鏄�鍙�鎶曡瘔鐨�

闆囦富瀵归泧鍛樺湪闆囦剑娲诲姩涓�鐨勬�ц�嗘垨楠氭壈鎵挎媴鏇夸唬璐ｄ换锛岄櫎闈炶瘉鏄庡凡缁忛噰鍙栧悎鐞嗘帾鏂介槻姝㈣繖绉嶆�ц��

瀵归泧涓诲�归泧鍛樻�ц�嗭紝闆囧憳蹇呴』鍏堝湪 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service鐢宠�穋onciliation锛岀劧鍚庡幓employment tribunal銆倀ribunal鍙�浠ヨ�佸畾涓嶅彈闄愮殑璧斿伩

solicitor鎵т笟杩囩▼涓�鐨勬�ц�嗭紝瀹㈡埛鍙�浠ュ湪county court璧疯瘔锛屼粎闇�鎻愪緵prima facie璇佹嵁锛屼箣鍚庝妇璇佽矗浠昏浆绉�

娆х洘鎸囦护瑕佹眰鍦ㄦ嫑鑱樻椂鑰冭檻鍙椾繚鎶ょ殑鐗瑰緛锛屽�傛灉姝ょ被浜哄彈鍒扮壒寰佺殑涓嶅埄褰卞搷鎴栧弬涓庢瘮渚嬭繃浣�

4. financial service

閲戣瀺鏈嶅姟鐩戠�℃満鏋勶細FCA锛�瀵规墍鏈夊叕鍙�(濡傚緥甯堜簨鍔℃墍)鐨勪笟鍔＄洃绠¤矗浠伙紝浠ュ強瀵逛笉鍙桺RA鐩戠�＄殑鍏�鍙哥殑瀹℃厧鐩戠�★級锛� PRA锛堣嫳鏍煎叞閾惰�岀殑闄勫睘鏈烘瀯锛岃礋璐ｆ巿鏉冦�佸�℃厧鐩戠�″拰涓�鑸�鐩戠潱閭ｄ簺绠＄悊閲嶅ぇ閲戣瀺椋庨櫓鐨勫叕鍙革紝鍗抽摱琛屻�乥uilding societies銆佷繚闄╁叕鍙搞�乧redit unions銆佹煇浜涙姇璧勫叕鍙稿拰Lloyd&apos;s of London锛岀О涔嬩负鍙岄噸鐩戠�″叕鍙革級

regulated activities

鎸囧畾娲诲姩鍖呮嫭寤鸿��锛岀�＄悊锛屼綔涓轰唬鐞嗕汉琛屽姩绛夛紝exclusion鍖呮嫭浠嬬粛锛屼娇鐢ㄧ粡鎺堟潈鐨勭��涓夋柟锛屼粎浣滀负绛惧瓧浠ｇ悊浜虹瓑

鎸囧畾鎶曡祫鍖呮嫭鍏�鍙歌偂浠斤紝鍊哄埜锛屽浗瀹跺�哄埜锛坓ilt锛夛紝unit trust锛宮ortgage绛夛紝浣嗕笉鍖呮嫭national saving鍜屽湡鍦版潈鐩�

s327 exemption鍏佽��涓撲笟鍏�鍙稿彲浠ュ湪涓嶈繚鍙嶄竴鑸�绂佷护鐨勬儏鍐典笅杩涜�屾煇浜涘彈瑙勭�℃椿鍔�

5. money laundering

寰嬫墍蹇呴』鏈塶ominated officer锛圡LRO锛夎礋璐ｆ帴鏀跺緥鎵�鍐呴儴鏈夊叧浠讳綍娑夊珜娲楅挶浜嬩欢鐨勬姤鍛婏紝骞跺湪蹇呰�佹椂涓庡浗瀹剁姱缃�灞�(NCA)鑱旂郴锛屼篃蹇呴』濮斾换涓�鍚嶉珮绾х�＄悊浜哄憳璐熻矗閬靛畧鍙嶆礂閽辨潯渚嬨�傝繖鍙�浠ユ槸涓嶮LRO鎴栤�滃悎瑙勫畼鈥�(COLP)鐩稿悓鐨勪汉

client due diligence锛氶渶瑕佹牳瀹炲�㈡埛韬�浠界殑鎯呭舰鍖呮嫭锛�(a)瀹㈡埛涓庡緥甯堝悓鎰忓缓绔嬩笟鍔″叧绯伙紱(b)杩涜�岀浉褰撲簬鈥滆祫閲戣浆绉烩�濈殑鍋剁劧浜ゆ槗(鍗筹紝涓嶄綔涓轰笟鍔″叧绯讳竴閮ㄥ垎杩涜�岀殑浜ゆ槗)瓒呰繃1000娆у厓锛�(c)鍋跺皵杩涜�屼竴绗旈噾棰濊揪15,000娆у厓鎴栦互涓婄殑浜ゆ槗锛�(d)寰嬪笀鎬�鐤戞礂閽辨垨鎭愭�栦富涔夎瀺璧勭殑鎯呭喌锛�(e)寰嬪笀鎬�鐤戜负鏍稿疄瀹㈡埛韬�浠借�屾彁渚涚殑鏂囦欢鎴栦俊鎭�鐨勭湡瀹炴�ф垨鍏呭垎鎬х殑鎯呭喌

鍖呮嫭standard DD锛宻implified DD锛宔nhanced DD锛堝寘鎷�:(a)鏈夋礂閽卞拰鎭愭�栧垎瀛愯瀺璧勭殑杈冮珮椋庨櫓锛�(b)瀹㈡埛鎴栦氦鏄撶殑鍙︿竴鏂瑰�勪簬涓�涓�楂橀�庨櫓鐨勭��涓夊浗锛�(c)瀹㈡埛鎻愪緵浜嗚櫄鍋囨垨鐩楃敤鐨勮韩浠芥枃妗ｏ紱(d)瀹㈡埛鏄�鏀挎不浜虹墿(PEP)锛屾垨鏀挎不浜虹墿鐨勫�跺涵鎴愬憳鎴栧凡鐭ョ殑浜插瘑浼欎即锛�(e)浜ゆ槗澶嶆潅鎴栧紓甯稿簽澶э紝鎴栦氦鏄撴ā寮忓紓甯革紝鎴栦氦鏄撴病鏈夋槑鏄剧殑缁忔祹鎴栨硶寰嬬洰鐨勶級

寰嬫墍蹇呴』淇濆瓨鏈夊叧娲楅挶鐨勮�板綍鑷冲皯浜斿勾

6 contract

Offer绫诲瀷锛歝ross offer锛� counter offer锛堣�颁竴涓嬭瘝鎬庝箞璇达級

invitation of offer鐨勭被鍨嬶細Tender锛宎uction锛堝嚭浠锋槸offer锛夛紝advertisement锛実oods on display

鎵胯�洪噰鍙栧彂淇′富涔夛紝鍒拌揪鍓嶆挙閿�锛堣�屼笉鍖呮嫭鍚屾椂鍒拌揪锛�

瑕佺害鐢变簬閭�瀵勯棶棰樿繜寤跺苟涓嶄細瀵艰嚧瑕佺害lapse

鍟嗕笟鍗忚��瀛樺湪presumption of聽contractual聽intention锛屼絾鏄痳ebuttable锛堟瘮濡傝�村彧鏄�涓�椤筯onorable pledge锛夛紝domestic agreement鍒欐帹瀹氫笉鏄�寤虹珛contractual relationship锛岄櫎闈炲�勪簬鍒嗗眳鎴栧皢鍒嗗眳锛屼絾鎺ㄥ畾涔熸槸rebuttable锛屾瘮濡傚�逛环寰堥珮锛屽叧绯讳笉濂斤紝涔﹂潰鍗忚��绛�

瀵逛环鏄痑 benefit to one party, and a detriment to the other銆傛湁浠峰�间絾涓嶅簲褰撳弽鏄犲疄闄呬环鍊硷紙sufficient but not necessarily adequate锛�

鍏佽�虹�佸弽瑷�锛氬繀椤绘湁鏀惧純娉曞畾鏉冨埄鐨勬壙璇猴紝骞朵笖璇ユ壙璇哄繀椤绘湁鎰忚�╁彟涓�鏂归噰鍙栬�屽姩銆傛壙璇鸿�呭繀椤诲饱琛屾壙璇恒�傛壙璇虹�佹�㈠弽鎮斿彧鑳戒綔涓轰竴绉嶆姉杈╃悊鐢便�傝�歌�轰汉椋熻█涓�瀹氭槸涓嶅叕骞崇殑锛堝�逛簬alteration promise锛屼緥濡傚�炲姞浠锋�炬垨鍑忓皯浠锋�撅紝涔熷簲璇ユ湁鐩稿簲鐨勫�逛环锛屽�傛灉杩欎釜琛屼笉閫氾紝灏辩敤鍏佽�虹�佸弽瑷�锛�

灞ヨ�岀幇鏈変箟鍔℃垨鍏�鍏变箟鍔★紙姣斿�傝�﹀療鐨勫畨淇濓級閫氬父涓嶆槸瀵逛环锛屼絾涔熸湁渚嬪�栵紝姣斿�備负浜嗙‘淇濆噯鏃跺畬宸ワ紙閬垮厤绗�涓夋柟璇夎�告儵缃氭潯娆撅級锛屾瘮濡傛儏鍐甸�ゅ彉锛堣埞鍛樺噺灏戜竴鍗婏級锛屾瘮濡傚湪鍏�鍏变箟鍔′箣澶栨彁渚涢�濆�栧伐浣溿�傚厤闄ゅ�哄姟涔熼渶瑕佸�逛环銆�

executory consideration锛氬湪鏈�鏉ュ仛鎴栦笉鍋氭煇浜嬶紙act or forbearance锛夛紝executed consideration锛氫负鎹㈠彇鎵胯�鸿�岃�屼负锛堜緥濡傛偓璧忥級

privity of contract鐨勭獊鐮达細contract 锛坮ights of third party锛� act锛氬悎鍚屾槑纭�瑙勫畾锛屾垨鍚堝悓鏉℃�炬剰鍦ㄤ娇绗�涓夋柟鍙楃泭锛屽垯绗�涓夋柟鍙�浠ユ墽琛屽悎鍚岋紙杩欐槸statute law锛屽湪common law of privity涓嬫槸娌℃湁鍒╃泭绗�涓変汉鍚堝悓鐨勬�傚康鐨勶紝鍙�鑳介�樼洰涓�浼氭湁杩欐牱鐨勫潙锛�

collateral contract锛氶檮灞炲悎鍚屾病鏈夎�佺害涓庢壙璇猴紝鑰屾槸鐢辨硶闄㈡墍鍒涢�犵殑鍚堝悓鍏崇郴銆傛硶闄㈤�氳繃鍒ゅ喅锛岃�ゅ畾绗�涓変汉涓庡悎鍚屽綋浜嬩汉涔嬮棿鏈夊悎鍚屽叧绯伙紝浣垮緱绗�涓夋柟鍙�浠ヨ捣璇夊悎鍚屼腑鐨勫綋浜嬩汉銆備緥濡傦紝鐢叉柟涓庝箼鏂圭�捐�㈠悎鍚岋紝鐢变箼鏂逛负鐢叉柟鐨勬埧瀛愯繘琛岀矇鍒凤紝浣嗙敳鏂规寚鏄庤�佺敤涓欐柟鐨勬补婕嗭紝鎵�浠ヤ箼鏂归渶瑕佸悜涓欐柟璐�涔版补婕嗭紝鍥犳�や箼鏂逛笌涓欐柟涔嬪墠绛捐��浜嗘补婕嗕拱鍗栧悎鍚屻�傚�傛灉娌规紗瀛樺湪璐ㄩ噺闂�棰橈紝鐢叉柟鍙�浠ョ洿鎺ヨ捣璇変笝鏂广�傦紙杩欎釜姒傚康搴旂粰绫讳技淇濊瘉鏉℃�撅級

浠ｇ悊鏉冩巿浜堟柟寮忥細express appointment锛宔stoppel锛坥stensible or appearant聽authority锛夛紝ratification锛堢被浼艰拷璁わ級mental Incapacitated鐨勪汉鍜宮inor涓�鏍凤紝鍙�浠ヤ负鐢熸椿蹇呴渶鍝佽�屾垚绔嬪悎鍚岋紝鍖呮嫭employment锛屼絾涓嶅寘鎷琫ntertainment锛宮inor鐨勫悎鍚屾槸鍙�鎾ら攢锛堝簲璇ユ槸娌℃湁鏃犳皯浜嬭�屼负鑳藉姏浜虹殑姒傚康锛夛紝瀵逛簬鍏�鍙歌�岃█锛岄噸瑕佺殑鏄�鍐宠��璧嬩簣鐨勪唬鐞嗘潈

condition鍜寃arranty鐨勫尯鍒嗭細濡傛灉杩濆弽浜嗗悎鍚宑ondition锛屾棤杩囬敊鐨勪竴鏂瑰彲浠ョ粓姝�浠婂悗鐨勫悎鍚屽饱琛岋紝骞惰�佹眰璧斿伩鎹熷け銆傚嵆浣胯繚绾﹀彂鐢熷緱鐩稿綋寰�涓嶈冻閬擄紱濡傛灉杩濆弽浜唚arranty锛屾棤璁鸿繚绾︽湁澶氫弗閲嶏紝鍞�涓�鐨勮ˉ鏁戝姙娉曞氨鏄�鎹熷�宠禂鍋裤�備功闈㈠悎鍚屼腑鐨勬潯娆惧彲浠ユ槑纭�鍦扮‘瀹氫负鏉′欢鎴栦繚璇侊紝鎴栬�呭悎鍚屽彲浠ユ槑纭�瑙勫畾杩濈害鐨勫悗鏋溿�備篃鍙�鑳藉瓨鍦╥nnominate terms锛堟棤鍚嶆潯娆�/涓�闂存潯娆撅級锛屽悎鍚岀�捐�㈡椂锛屼笉娉曠‘璁よ繖鏄�涓�涓猚ondition杩樻槸涓�涓獁arranty锛屽彧鏈夎繚鍙嶅悎鍚屼互鍚庢墠鑳界煡閬撶殑,鐢辨硶闄�浣滃嚭鍒ゆ柇

incorporation of terms锛氬�傛灉涓�涓�浜虹�剧讲浜嗗悎鍚屾枃浠讹紝鍗充娇褰撲簨浜烘病鏈夐槄璇绘潯娆撅紝瀹冧篃浼氳嚜鍔ㄨ��瑙嗕负鍏锋湁绾︽潫鍔涳紙涔熷氨鏄�璇达紝notice閽堝�圭殑鏄�娌℃湁绛惧瓧鎴栫浉鍏虫潯娆句笉鍦ㄥ悎鍚屼笂鐨勬儏褰�锛宯otice涔熷簲璇ュ拰鏉℃�炬�ц川鐩稿�瑰簲锛屾瘮濡傚湪鍋滆溅鍦烘帓闄や汉韬�浼ゅ�宠矗浠荤殑鏉℃�撅級銆俢onsumer rights act鍜寀nfair contract terms act浣垮緱鎺掗櫎鍥犺繃澶卞�艰嚧鐨勮矗浠荤殑鏉℃�炬棤鏁堬紙浣嗘槸鎺掗櫎杩囧け璐ｄ换鐨勬潯娆惧苟闈炰竴瀹氭棤鏁堬紝姣斿�傞潪娑堣垂鑰呬箣闂存槑纭�鐨勭害瀹氾紝浣嗘槸瀵归�犳垚浜鸿韩浼ゅ�崇殑杩囧け璐ｄ换鎺掗櫎鍙堟槸鏃犳晥鐨勶級

璐ｄ换闄愬埗鎴栨帓闄ゆ潯娆剧殑鍚堢悊鎬ф祴璇曪細褰撲簨浜鸿��浠峰湴浣嶆槸鍚﹀钩绛夛紝鏄�鍚︿互杈冧綆浠锋牸鎺ュ彈鍚堝悓锛屾槸鍚﹀彲鑳藉埌鍒�澶勮�㈢珛鍚堝悓锛屾帾杈炴槸鍚︽竻妤氾紝鎺掗櫎鏉′欢鏄�鍚﹀悎鐞嗭紙姣斿�傚崄鍥涘ぉ鍐呮姤鍛婃晠闅滐紝

鏈�琚�绾冲叆鍚堝悓鐨勫厛鍓嶉檲杩颁笉灞炰簬鍚堝悓鏉℃�撅紝鏄痮utside evidence

company涔熷彲鑳芥槸consumer锛屼粠鑰屽彈鍒癱onsumer rights act鐨勪繚鎶�

expectation loss锛氫娇鏃犺緶鐨勪竴鏂瑰�勪簬鍚堝悓宸茬粡灞ヨ�岀殑鐩稿悓鍦颁綅銆傦紙800涔扮數鑴戯紝杩濈害锛岃姳1000浠庡埆澶勪拱锛�200鐨勬崯瀹宠禂鍋匡級

reliance loss锛氫俊璧栧悎鍚屽皢灞ヨ�岃�屼负姝ゅ彂鐢熶簡璐圭敤

consequential loss锛氶棿鎺ユ崯澶憋紱liquidated damage锛氱被浼艰繚绾﹂噾锛堜絾鏄�鏄�涓嶅彲璋冩暣鐨勶級锛沞xemplary damage锛�=punitive damage锛沶ominal damage锛氬悕涔夋崯瀹筹紝灏辨槸娌℃湁鍙楀埌閲戦挶鎹熷け鎯呭喌涓嬬殑璧斿伩锛屼竴鑸�閲戦�濆緢灏�

璧斿伩鑼冨洿锛氬埄娑︽崯澶憋紝璐�浜ф崯瀹筹紝鏈轰細鍒╃泭鎹熷け锛堜絾鏄�鍦ㄥ尰鐤椾腑锛屼笉鍙楁崯瀹崇殑姒傜巼灏忎簬50%鍗磋�や负娌℃湁鏈轰細鍒╃泭鎹熷け锛孋haplin case锛夛紝绮剧�炴崯瀹筹紙鍙楅檺锛夛紙鐪媍ase law鐨勮瘽锛屽悕瑾夋崯澶辫禂鍋垮緢鍙楅檺锛夈�俿pecified damage鏉℃�惧彲浠ユ帓闄�remoteness鍜宮itigation瑙勫垯鐨勯�傜敤锛岃�屾儵缃氭�ц禂鍋夸竴鑸�鏄�涓嶅彲鎵ц�岀殑銆傛�庝箞鍖哄垎涓よ�咃細閲戦�濇槸鍚︿笉鍚堢悊锛屾槸鍚﹁秴鍑哄簲璧斿伩鐨勮寖鍥达紝鏄�鍚︽槸涓嶅悓杩濈害鎯呭舰涓嬬殑lump sum鑰屼笉鍖哄垎鎯呰妭

action for agreed sum锛氫负浜哾ebt锛岃�屼笉鏄痗ompensation

specific performance 鍜宨njunction锛氬父瑙佺殑涓よ�呰　骞虫硶鏁戞祹銆傛嫆缁濆饱琛屽己鍒跺饱琛屼細鏋勬垚contempt of court锛屼絾娑夊強鏈嶅姟鐨勫悎鍚屼竴鑸�涓嶄細鏈夊己鍒跺饱琛岋紙姝ゅ�栦竴浜涘父瑙佺殑琛″钩娉曟晳娴庡寘鎷�锛歛ccount of profit锛宒eclaratory聽relief锛宺escission锛宺ectification锛宻ubrogation锛宮arshalling锛�

restitution锛氱被浼兼仮澶嶅師鐘讹紝姣斿�傚凡缁忛�勪粯娆句簡锛屼絾绐佺劧瀵归潰涓嶆兂瑕佷簡锛屾垨鑰呭凡缁忓共浜嗕竴閮ㄥ垎娲伙紝閭ｈ繖閮ㄥ垎鐨勬姤閰�灏卞彲浠�restitution鐨勫悕涔夎�佸洖鏉ワ紙quantum meruit锛�

frustration锛歡overnment intervention瑕佺湅鎯呭喌锛宒elay涔熷彲鑳藉�艰嚧frustration锛堝彈闄愶級锛涘�傛灉棰勮�佸埌鎴栧湪鍚堝悓涓�鏄庣‘绾﹀畾鐩稿叧鎯呭舰锛屽垯涓嶄細鏈塮rustration锛沠rustration鍙戠敓锛屽悎鍚岀粓姝�锛岀浉浜掍笉鍙戠敓杩濈害璐ｄ换

濡傛灉鍚堝悓绾﹀畾闈炴硶锛屽垯涓嶈兘杩藉洖宸茬粡缁欎粯鐨勮揣娆�

娌夐粯涓�鑸�涓嶆瀯鎴愯櫄鍋囬檲杩般�傚�傛灉褰撴椂鏄�鐪燂紝浣嗗悎鍚岀�捐�㈠墠鍙樻垚鍋囷紝涔熺畻铏氬亣闄堣堪銆傚嵆浣挎彁渚涜处绨夸箣绫荤殑渚涘�规柟妫�鏌ワ紝瀵规柟娌℃湁妫�鏌ワ紝涓嶅奖鍝嶈櫄鍋囬檲杩扮殑鎴愮珛銆傝櫄鍋囬檲杩板悗鍙�浠ラ�氳繃rescission锛堝睘浜庤　骞虫硶鏁戞祹鏂瑰紡锛夋晳娴庯紝浣嗗瓨鍦╞ar to rescission锛屼緥濡倁ndue delay 锛宎ffirmation锛堟瘮濡傜粰浠樺墿浣欎环娆撅級鎴栬揣鐗╃伃澶憋紝涓嶈兘rescind鏃讹紝鍙�浠ヨ�锋眰鎹熷�宠禂鍋匡紝閫傜敤渚垫潈娉曞～骞虫崯瀹崇殑鍘熷垯锛屼笉鍙楀彲棰勮�佹�ц�勫垯闄愬埗

Fraudulent Misrepresentation - Common Law Tort of Deceit锛坮escission鎴栬禂鍋匡級

Negligent Misstatement - Common Law via聽Hedley Byrne v Heller锛堝尯鍒�鍦ㄤ簬涓嶄粎瀛樺湪浜庡悎鍚岋紝涔熷彲浠ュ瓨鍦ㄤ簬渚垫潈妗堜欢涓�锛�

trust

contract or representation

conditions or warranties

representation terms鍖哄埆

repudiating the contract鎷掔粷灞ヨ�屽悎鍚�

time is of the essence鏃堕棿鑷冲叧閲嶈��

innominate terms鏃犲悕鏉℃��

instantaneous鐬�闂寸殑

parol evidence rule 涔﹂潰鍗忚�� 涓嶈兘寮曞叆external evidence鏉ュ�炲姞鎴栨敼鍙樻潯娆�

collateral contract浠庡悎鍚�

necessary to make the contract work

agreement to agree

severing (removing) the uncertain term

exclusion clause

incorporation鍏�鍙� :1. signature 2. by notice (閫夋嫨纭�璁わ級

onerous绻侀噸鐨�

contra proferentem rule鍙嶅�� 瑙勫垯

unfair contract terms act 1977 UCTA 鍏�鍙镐箣闂�

consumer right act 2015 CRA 鍏�鍙镐笌涓�浜轰箣闂�

void terms

microscopic鏋佸皬鐨� text

wishy washy鐘圭姽璞�璞�

tort law渚垫潈娉�

intenseive/ trespass torts闈炴硶渚靛叆渚垫潈琛屼负

1 intentional torts

2negligence torts杩囧け渚垫潈琛屼负

3 strict liability

culpability鏈夌姜

continuum杩炵画浣�

tresspass to land subsoil搴曞湡and airspace, direct interferes鐩存帴褰卞搷

8 dispute resolution

options of dispute resolution

ADR搴旇��鑷�鎰裤�佷繚瀵嗭紝骞朵笖without prejudice锛堝�傛灉澶辫触锛屽綋浜嬩汉涓嶅厑璁稿悜娉曢櫌鎶�闇睞DR鐨勪换浣曢儴鍒嗭紝闄ら潪鏄�&quot;without prejudice save as to costs&quot;锛岄偅涔堟硶瀹樺湪澶勭悊璐圭敤闂�棰樻椂灏嗕簡瑙ｇ浉鍏虫枃浠�

锛堜娇瀹㈡埛鎰忚瘑鍒癆DR鏄疭RA琛屼负鏍囧噯瑕佹眰鐨勶級濡傛灉瀹㈡埛鎰挎剰(鎴栧凡缁忓悓鎰�)鍙備笌ADR锛屽垯搴斾娇鐢ˋDR锛岄櫎闈烇細鏄庢樉涓嶅悎閫�;鍙︿竴鏂逛笉澶�鍙�鑳藉湪姝よ繃绋嬩腑鍚堜綔;涓嶈兘淇′换鍙︿竴鏂归伒瀹堣�佸喅;鎴栧�㈡埛闇�瑕佸己鍒朵护鎴栬垂鐢ㄦ媴淇濓紝杩欏彧鑳界敱娉曢櫌涓嬩护

璋冭В鏇寸伒娲伙紝浠茶�佹湁绾︽潫鍔涖�備徊瑁佹病鏈夐�夋嫨娉曞緥鏃讹紝鎸夌収鏈�瀵嗗垏鑱旂郴鍘熷垯閫夋嫨娉曞緥銆傝皟瑙ｄ竴鑸�涓�澶╋紝鏈�闀夸袱澶┿�傚�傛灉鍙屾柟鍚屾剰锛岃皟瑙ｈ揪鎴愮殑瀹夋帓鍙�浠ヨ��鍖呮嫭鍦╟ourt order閲屻�傚己鍒舵墽琛屼徊瑁佺粨鏋滄椂锛寃rite to the High Court for permission

濡傛灉璇佹槑鑳滆瘔涓�鏂规嫆缁濇帴鍙桝DR鐨勮�屼负涓嶅悎鐞嗭紝娉曢櫌鏈夋潈鍓ュず鑳滆瘔涓�鏂圭殑璁艰垂

2. overview of civil claim

small track鍜宖ast track鍙�鑳芥病鏈塩ourt hearing

3. resolution through civil claim

璇夎�兼椂鏁堬細鍚堝悓鍜屼镜鏉�6骞达紱杩囧け閫犳垚鐨勯潪浜鸿韩浼ゅ�崇储璧斾腑锛岃秴杩�6骞村悗鎵嶇煡閬撴崯瀹冲瓨鍦ㄧ殑锛�3骞�

Claimant鍦≒articulars of Claim閫佽揪琚�鍛婁汉鍚庯紝濡傛湭鍙栧緱鍚勬柟鐨勪功闈㈠悓鎰忥紝鎴栨湭鑾锋硶闄㈣�稿彲锛屼笉寰楁洿鏀瑰叾璇︽儏銆傦紙涓�鏃﹂�佽揪Particulars锛屽氨闇�瑕佽幏寰楁硶闄㈢殑璁稿彲鎵嶈兘鍒犻櫎銆佸�炲姞鎴栨浛鎹㈠綋浜嬩汉锛屽�炲姞鎴栨洿鏀瑰師鍛婅繕闇�瑕佹湰浜哄悓鎰忥級

Pre-action protocol瑙勫畾浜嗗悇鏂瑰湪鎻愯捣璇夎�煎墠搴旈噰鍙栫殑姝ラ�ゃ�傛棤姝ｅ綋鐞嗙敱涓嶉伒瀹坧rotocol姝ラ�ら�氬父浼氭嫑鑷�:(a)鏈夎繃閿欎竴鏂规敮浠樺�规柟鐨勯儴鍒嗘垨鍏ㄩ儴璇夎�艰垂;(b)鍓ュず鏈夎繃閿欑殑绱㈣禂浜洪殢鍚庡彲鑳藉洜鎵�杩藉洖鐨勪换浣曟崯瀹宠禂鍋块噾鑰岃幏寰楃殑閮ㄥ垎鎴栧叏閮ㄥ埄鎭�;鎴�(c)瑕佹眰鏈夎繃閿欑殑琚�鍛婂氨闅忓悗鍒ょ粰绱㈣禂浜虹殑閮ㄥ垎鎴栧叏閮ㄦ崯瀹宠禂鍋挎敮浠樺埄鎭�锛屽埄鎭�鏈�楂樹负姣忓勾10%锛岄珮浜庡熀鏈�鍒╃巼

娌℃湁pre-action protocol鏃舵寜鐓�pre-action conduct琛屼簨锛屼袱鑰呬箣闂存槸鏇胯ˉ鐨勫叧绯伙紝涓嶆槸鍦ㄤ袱鑰呬箣闂撮�夋嫨閬靛畧鍝�涓�

绠¤緰锛氬悎鍚屽湪涔夊姟灞ヨ�屽湴锛屼镜鏉冨湪渚垫潈琛屼负鍙戠敓鍦版垨鎹熷�冲彂鐢熷湴銆�鍗栨柟鎵�鍦ㄥ湴涓哄噯鎹�娉�

4. where to start proceedings

10w纾呬互涓婃墠鑳藉湪high court璇夎�硷紙鍖呭惈浜鸿韩鎹熷�虫槸5w锛夛紝浣嗕篃鑳藉湪county court璇夛紝浣哻ounty court瀵瑰彲浠ヨ拷鍥炵殑璇夎垂鏈変笂闄�

Business and Property Court锛岀浉褰撲簬Chancery鍜宷ueen&apos;s bench鐨勪竴涓�鍚堝苟鐨勫姙鍏�鍦烘墍锛屼笉灞炰簬鐙�绔嬬殑娉曢櫌

涓�浜轰互business name缁忚惀鑰屼骇鐢熺籂绾凤紝闇�瑕佸悓鏃朵互personal name鍜宼rading name璧疯瘔锛堣��鍛婁篃涓�鏍凤級銆傚綋涓�浜烘槸business鎵�鏈変汉锛屽悎浼欎紒涓氬悎浼欎汉鎴栦互鍏朵粬unincorporated association鍚嶄箟琛屼簨鏃讹紝閫佽揪鍦板潃鏄�閫氬父鎴栨渶鍚庡緱鐭ョ殑灞呬綇鍦版垨涓昏�佽惀涓氬湴

5. issuing and serving proceeding

褰撲簨浜洪�栧厛瑕佸～鍐欎竴浠紺laim Form銆傝瘔璁肩▼搴忓紑濮嬩簬娉曢櫌鍙戝嚭form骞跺姞鐩栨硶闄㈠嵃绔犳椂銆俧orm涓婂～鍐檝alued claim锛堝彲浠ヨ�撮渶瑕佽禂鍋跨殑鎬婚�濆皻涓嶇‘瀹氾級銆傚�傛灉鍦╤igh court璧疯瘔锛岄渶瑕佹槑纭�绱㈣禂閲戦�濆湪10w浠ヤ笂鍙婂湪high court璧疯瘔鐨勬垚鏂囨硶渚濇嵁浠ュ強鍏蜂綋鐨剆pecialist court

court fee鍦ㄨ〃鏍煎墠闈㈠啓鏄庯紝濡傛灉鏄�寰嬪笀鎻愪氦form涔熼渶瑕佹槑纭�寰嬪笀璐癸紙鍙�浠ヨ�村緟璇勪及锛�

Particulars of Claim闇�瑕佸拰form涓�骞舵垨鍦�14澶╁唴閫佽揪銆俧orm杩橀渶瑕乻tatement of truth

閫佽揪鏂瑰紡锛氫翰鑷�閫佽揪锛�First-class post, document exchange鎴栧叾浠栧彲浜庝笅涓�涓�宸ヤ綔鏃ラ�佽揪鐨勬湇鍔★紱灏唂orm鐣欏湪鎸囧畾鍦扮偣锛涗紶鐪熸垨鍏朵粬鐢靛瓙閫氳��鏂瑰紡锛涙硶闄㈡巿鏉冪殑浠讳綍鍏朵粬鏂规硶锛堟瘮濡備翰鑷�閫佽揪锛屽�傚湪涓嬪崍4鐐瑰崐鍓嶉�佽揪锛屽嵆涓烘槦鏈熶竴锛涘�傛灉涓嬪崍4鐐瑰崐浠ュ悗锛岃�嗕负鏄熸湡浜岄�佽揪銆備絾濡傛灉閫氳繃涓�绾ч偖鏀挎垨DX閫佽揪锛屽垯瑙嗕负鍦ㄥ懆涓夐�佽揪锛�

瀵硅嫃鏍煎叞锛屽寳鐖卞拰娆х洘鎴愬憳鍥界殑閫佽揪涓嶉渶瑕佹硶闄㈢壒鍒�鎵瑰噯锛屽叾浠栫殑闇�瑕佹硶闄㈣�稿彲銆俧orm鍜宲articulars搴斿綋鍦╢orm绛惧彂鍚庣殑鍥涗釜鏈堝唴閫佽揪锛屽惁鍒欓渶瑕佸悜娉曢櫌鐢宠�峰欢鏈燂紙闇�瑕佺悊鐢卞拰璇佹嵁锛�

6. responding to a claim

琚�鍛婃敹鍒癴orm鍚庯紝涓変釜閫夋嫨锛歛dmission锛宎cknowledgement of service锛宒efence

鍙�浠ラ儴鍒嗘壙璁わ紝鍦ㄦ敹鍒皃articulars鍚�14澶╁唴鎻愪氦琛ㄦ牸N9A锛屽師鍛婂彲浠ユ帴鍙梠ffer锛屾垨鎺ュ彈offer鑰屾嫆缁濊��鍛婃彁璁�鏀�浠樼殑閲戦�濓紙judgment for damages to be assessed at a disposal hearing锛夛紝鎴栨嫆缁漮ffer锛坈ontinue as a defended action锛�

濡傛灉鍘熷憡鎺ュ彈锛屾硶闄㈠彲浠ュ喅瀹氭敮浠樼殑鏃堕棿鍜岄噾棰濄�傜敱court officer锛�5w纾呬互涓嬶級鎴栬�呮硶瀹樺湪鏈�缁忚亞璁�鐨勬儏鍐典笅浣滃嚭鐨勶紝褰撲簨浜哄彲浠ョ敵璇风敱娉曞畼閲嶆柊瑁佸畾銆傚�傛灉鍘熷喅瀹氭槸鐢眔fficer浣滃嚭鐨勶紝闄ら潪鐢宠�烽�氱煡瑕佹眰涓捐�岃亞璁�锛屽惁鍒欐棤闇�涓捐�岃亞璁�銆傚師鍒ゅ喅鐢辨硶瀹樹綔鍑虹殑锛岄櫎褰撲簨浜哄彟鏈夌害瀹氬�栵紝蹇呴』閫氳繃鑱嗚��

鏀跺埌particular锛堟垨form锛夊悗14澶╂彁鍑篸efence锛屽�傛灉鎻愬嚭acknowledgement of service锛屽垯鍦╬articular鍚�28澶╁唴defence銆傚惁鍒欏師鍛婂彲浠ョ敵璇穓udgment in default锛堝嵆浣胯繜浜�defence锛屼篃涓嶈兘缂哄腑鍒ゅ喅锛夛紙濡傛灉琚�鍛婄‘瀹炴湁鑳滆瘔鐨勫墠鏅�鎴栧叾浠杇ood reason锛岃��鍛婂彲浠ヨ�锋眰set aside宸插仛鍑虹殑缂哄腑鍒ゅ喅锛�

涓嶈兘缂哄腑鍒ゅ喅鐨勬儏褰�锛欳laims for delivery of goods under Consumer Credit Act 1974锛汸art 8 claims锛汳ortgage claims锛汣laims for provisional damages锛汣laims in a specialist court

9 land law

real property 涓嶅姩浜э紙鍦熷湴 + 姘镐箙闄勭潃鐗╋級鐢�deed锛堝�戞嵁锛�锛岄渶鍦熷湴娉ㄥ唽澶勭櫥璁�鍜宲ersonal property鐨勫尯鍒�鍔ㄤ骇锛堝彲绉诲姩 / 鏃犲舰璐�浜э級

绗�涓�閮ㄥ垎 Definition of聽land and the distinctions between聽fixtures鍥哄畾鐗� and chattels鍙�杞绘澗鎼�璧般�佷笉鎹熷潖 鐢�bill of sale锛屼竴鑸�鏃犻渶鐧昏��

Land

Law of聽property act 1925:聽land of any tenure, and mines and minerals, whether or not held apart from the surface, buildings or parts of buildings (whether the division is horizontal, vertical or made in any other way) and other corporeal hereditaments; also a manor, an advowson, and a rent and other incorporeal hereditaments, and an easement, right, privilege, or benefit in, over, or derived from land.浠讳綍绫诲瀷鐨勫湡鍦帮紝浠ュ強鐭胯棌鍜岀熆鐗╋紝鏃犺�烘槸鍚︿笌鍦拌〃鍒嗗紑鎸佹湁锛屽缓绛戠墿鎴栧缓绛戠墿鐨勯儴鍒嗭紙鏃犺�哄垎鍓叉槸姘村钩鐨勩�佸瀭鐩寸殑杩樻槸浠ュ叾浠栨柟寮忚繘琛岀殑锛夛紝浠ュ強鍏朵粬瀹炰綋姘镐箙璐�浜э紱杩樺寘鎷�涓�涓�搴勫洯銆佷竴涓�鏁欏爞鐨勪换鍏嶆潈銆佸湴绉熷拰鍏朵粬闈炵墿璐ㄨ储浜э紝浠ュ強浠庡湡鍦颁腑鑾峰緱鐨勪竴绉嶈储浜т笂鐨勪究鍒┿�佹潈鍒┿�佺壒鏉冩垨鍒╃泭銆�

Fixtures and chattels

fixtures锛堝浐瀹氱墿锛夋槸鎸囧湪鎴垮湴浜т笂闄勭潃骞朵笌涔嬬浉杩炵殑鐗╁搧锛屽叾鎷嗛櫎浼氬�规埧鍦颁骇閫犳垚鎹熷�筹紝鍥犳�ゅ湪浜ф潈杞�绉绘椂閫氬父琚�瑙嗕负涓嶅姩浜х殑涓�閮ㄥ垎銆備妇渚嬫潵璇达紝澧欏�併�佸湴鏉裤�佸帹鎴挎┍鏌滃拰鍥哄畾鐓ф槑瑁呯疆閮借��璁や负鏄痜ixtures銆�

chattel锛堝姩浜э級鏄�鎸囧湪浜ф潈杞�绉绘椂鍙�浠ヤ粠鎴垮湴浜т笂绉婚櫎鐨勭墿鍝侊紝濡傛�屾�呫�佹矙鍙戙�佺數瑙嗙瓑鍙�鎼�鍔ㄧ殑瀹跺叿

Two-stage test and miscellaneous issues聽relating to fixtures and chattels

Hellawell v Eastwood锛歵he degree of annexation and the purpose of annexation

濡傛灉鏌愰儴鍒嗕笌寤虹瓚鐗╃粺鍚堬紝鍒欏叾涓篺ixture銆傚�傛灉鍚堝悓绾﹀畾淇濈暀fixture鐨勬墍鏈夋潈锛屽垯璇ユ潯娆炬棤鏁�

Physical degree of annexation

gravity test锛氬�傛灉鏄�浠呴潬鑷�韬�閲嶉噺瀹夌疆鍦ㄥ湴涓婏紝鍩烘湰鍙�浠ヨ��鐪嬩綔鏄痗hattel

Deemed purpose of annexation

鑰冭檻鑳屽悗鏄�鍚︽湁姘镐箙鎬ф敼鍠勫缓绛戠墿鐨勬剰鍥撅紝鍗充娇娌℃湁涓庡缓绛戠墿鍥哄畾

Overriding purpose

濡傛灉鏌愮墿浠呬粎鏈夊ū涔愪紤闂茬殑鐩�鐨勶紝鍒欏彲鑳借��璁や负鏄痗hattel

Tenant&apos;s fixture

涓�鑸�鑰岃█锛岀�熸埛鏃犳潈绉婚櫎fixtures銆傚�傛灉鏌愮墿鍙�浠ヨ��绉婚櫎鑰屼笉鎹熷�冲叾浠峰�硷紝鍒欎細琚�褰掔被涓篶hattel锛屽�傛灉鏌愮墿蹇呴』琚�鍥哄畾鍦ㄥ湴涓婃墠鑳借��浣跨敤锛屽垯涓篺ixture銆�鍦ㄧ�熻祦鏈熼棿鍑轰簬璐告槗銆佸�跺涵鎴栬�呴グ鐩�鐨勮�岀墿鐞嗛檮鐫�鎴栧祵鍏ヤ笉鍔ㄤ骇锛堝湡鍦帮級涓�鐨勪换浣曞疄鐗╄储浜э紝鍑虹�熶汉涓嶅緱灏嗗叾绉婚櫎

8Tenants and right to remove

绉熸埛鍦ㄧ�熺害鏈熼棿鍐呮湁鏉冪Щ闄ゅ叾鑷�宸辩殑fixture锛岄櫎闈炵�熺害鏄庣‘闄愬埗璇ユ潈鍒�

Agricultural聽fixture

Agricultural holdings act 1986鍜孉gricultural聽tenancies act 1995浣垮啘涓氱敤鍦扮殑鍐滀笟绉熸埛鏈夊彇涓嬪叾寤洪�犵墿鐨勮嚜鐢憋紝鍥犲叾閲嶅ぇ浠峰��

绗�浜岄儴鍒喡燫ights in land

Tenure

鍦熷湴淇濇湁鏉冿紝灏佸缓娉曚笅鐨勬�傚康锛宼enant鍜宭andlord涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯�

Legal estate

鐞嗚�轰笂锛孋rown鎷ユ湁鎵�鏈夊湡鍦帮紝涓�浜烘嫢鏈夌殑鏄�涓�绯诲垪閽堝�瑰湡鍦扮殑鏉冨埄锛岃繖绯诲垪鏉冨埄琚�鎴愪负estate

freehold estate锛氬寘鎷琭ee simple鍜宭ife estate銆�Fee simple鏄�鏈�楂樺舰寮忕殑鍦熷湴鎵�鏈夋潈锛屼篃琚�绉颁负缁濆�规墍鏈夋潈鎴栧畬鍏ㄦ墍鏈夋潈銆傚畠缁欎簣鎵�鏈変汉瀵瑰湡鍦扮殑缁濆�规墍鏈夋潈锛屽苟鎺堜簣鎷ユ湁浜哄湪娉曞緥涓婂�瑰湡鍦扮殑鏈�澶ф帶鍒舵潈锛屽寘鎷�鍑哄敭銆佽浆璁╁拰缁ф壙銆�

life estate鏄�鍦ㄤ竴娈垫椂闂村唴鎷ユ湁鍦熷湴鎵�鏈夋潈鐨勪竴绉嶅舰寮忋�傚叿浣撴潵璇达紝瀹冩巿浜堟寔鏈変汉鍦ㄥ叾浣欑敓鍛芥湡鍐呬娇鐢ㄥ拰鍗犳湁鍦熷湴鐨勬潈鍒╋紝浣嗗湪鍏舵�讳骸鏃讹紝鍦熷湴鐨勬墍鏈夋潈灏嗗綊杩樼粰鍘熷�嬫嫢鏈変汉鐨勭户鎵夸汉鎴栧叾浠栦汉銆�

10 Property Practice

1. key concepts

The Law Society Conveyancing Protocol锛屽�傛灉鎯虫垚涓篶onveyancing quality scheme鐨勬垚鍛橈紝灏卞繀椤荤�剧讲杩欎釜protocol銆俻rotocol鎻愪緵浜嗕竴濂楁爣鍑嗙▼搴�

鍒╃泭鍐茬獊闂�棰樸�係RA Codes瑙勫畾锛屽�傛灉瀹㈡埛瀛樺湪substantial common interest鎴朿ompeting for the same objectives锛屽垯寰嬪笀鍙�浠ヤ负澶氫簬涓�鏂圭殑瀹㈡埛鏈嶅姟銆傚悓鏃朵负涔板崠鍙屾柟鏈嶅姟涓嶇�﹀悎銆備负joint buyer涓�鑸�鍙�浠ャ�傚�傛灉浣跨敤鏍囧噯鏉℃�撅紝鍒欏彲浠ヤ负鍊熸�句汉鍜岃捶娆句汉鍏卞悓鏈嶅姟锛坮esidential transaction涓�鑸�鏄�鏍囧噯鏉℃�撅紝浣哻ommercial transaction涓�鑸�缁忚繃鍗忓晢鑰屼笉琛岋級銆備负joint borrower涔熸槸鍙�浠ワ紙濡傛灉鏄�澶�濡讳竴鏂瑰�熸�撅紝浠ュ叡鍚岃储浜ф姷鎶硷紝搴旇�ュ悜鍙︿竴鏂瑰崟鐙�瑙ｉ噴鍏跺悗鏋滐級

contract race锛氬�傛灉瀹㈡埛鎰忓浘鍚屾椂涓庡�氫汉纾嬪晢锛屽緥甯堝簲璇ラ�氱煡涔版柟鍏朵粬涔版柟鐨勫瓨鍦�锛堢�﹀悎姝ｇ洿琛屼簨鐨勮�佹眰锛夛紝浣嗗�傛灉瀹㈡埛涓嶅悓鎰忔姭闇诧紝鍒欎笉鑳介�氱煡锛堜繚瀵嗕箟鍔★級銆傚�傛灉瑙夊緱杩欎袱涓�鏈夊啿绐侊紝灏卞仠姝�浠ｇ悊

undertaking锛氬緥甯堜竴鑸�涓嶄細鍋氬嚭鎵胯�猴紝浣嗙墿涓氫氦鏄撲腑鏈夋椂鍙�鑳斤紝姣斿�傛壙璇哄湪瑙勫畾鏃堕棿鍐呰В闄�mortgage锛屽�傛灉鍋氬嚭鎵胯�猴紝灏卞繀椤昏�屼簨锛屽惁鍒欎笉搴旇�ュ仛鍑烘壙璇�

涓昏�佽瀺璧勬笭閬擄細banks锛沚uilding societies锛泃he client&apos;s employer锛沘 private mortgage (e.g., a loan from a relative or from a trust fund)锛沠inance houses

type of mortgage锛歳epayment mortgage锛堟寜鏈堣繕娆撅級锛宨nterest-only mortgage锛堟瘡鏈堜粎杩樺埄鎭�锛屼竴鑸�杩樹細鍚屾椂鍙傚姞涓�涓猻eparate investment plan锛屾瘮濡俥ndowment policy锛孖SA鎴杙ension plan锛�

Stamp Duty Land Tax (&apos;SDLT&apos;)锛氬�圭墿涓氫氦鏄擄紝鏃犺�烘案涔呬笟鏉冨拰绉熻祦涓氭潈锛屼綇瀹呭拰鍟嗕笟寰佹敹銆俢ompletion鍚�14澶╃即绾�

璞佸厤锛�娌℃湁閲戦挶鏀�浠樻垨閫氳繃閬楀槺鑾峰緱璐�浜э紱鍥犱负绂诲�氭垨姘戜簨浼翠荆鍏崇郴鐨勮В闄よ�屽彂鐢熺殑璐�浜ц浆绉伙紝涓斾互涓嶅埌4w纾呯殑浠锋牸璐�涔癴reehold锛涜喘涔颁竴涓�鏂扮殑鎴栬浆璁╃殑7骞翠互涓妉easehold锛屽彧瑕佹孩浠峰皬浜幝�40000涓斿勾绉熼噾灏忎簬拢1000锛涜喘涔颁竴涓�鏂扮殑鎴栬浆璁╃殑涓嶅埌7骞寸殑leasehold锛屼笖鏀�浠樼殑閲戦�濅綆浜嶴DLT鐨勪綇瀹呴棬妲涙垨闈炰綇瀹呴棬妲�

VAT锛氭爣鍑嗙◣鐜�20%锛堝叾涓�鐨刲egal service鎸夋爣鍑嗙◣鐜囷紝鍑哄敭鏂扮殑鍟嗕笟freehold鎸夋爣鍑嗙◣鐜囷紝鍑哄敭鏃х殑鍟嗕笟freehold鍏嶇◣锛屽嚭鍞�鏂扮殑residential鐗╀笟鍏嶇◣锛�

CGT鍏嶇◣鏉′欢锛�涓�鐩存妸瀹冧綔涓轰富瑕佷綇鎵�锛涙病鏈夋妸瀹冪殑涓�閮ㄥ垎鍑虹�熷嚭鍘伙紱娌℃湁鎶婁竴閮ㄥ垎涓撻棬鐢ㄤ簬鍟嗕笟鐢ㄩ��(鎶婁竴涓�鎴块棿鐢ㄤ綔涓存椂鍔炲叕瀹や笉绠椾綔涓撻棬鐨勫晢涓氱敤閫�)锛涘湡鍦帮紝鍖呮嫭鎵�鏈夌殑寤虹瓚鐗╋紝鎬诲叡涓嶈秴杩�5000骞虫柟绫�(涓�鑻变憨澶氫竴鐐�)锛涗拱瀹冧笉鏄�涓轰簡璧氶挶

local planning authority璐熻矗鍙戞斁planning permission

development鐨勫畾涔夛細鍦ㄥ湴涓婃垨鍦颁笅杩涜�屽缓绛戙�佸伐绋嬨�侀噰鐭挎垨鍏朵粬浣滀笟銆傝繖鍖呮嫭寤洪�犳柊寤虹瓚鐗╁拰鏀瑰缓鐜版湁寤虹瓚鐗╋紱瀵逛换浣曞缓绛戠墿鎴栧叾浠栧湡鍦扮殑鐢ㄩ�斾綔鍑轰换浣曢噸澶ф敼鍙�

涓嶆瀯鎴恉evelopment鐨勬椿鍔�锛氫负缁存姢锛屾敼杩涙垨鍏朵粬寤虹瓚鐨勬敼鍙樺彧褰卞搷鍐呴儴鎴栦笉涓ラ噸褰卞搷寤虹瓚鐗╃殑澶栬�傜殑娲诲姩锛涘湪浣忓畢搴�闄㈠唴浣跨敤寤虹瓚鐗╂垨鍦熷湴锛岀敤浜庝笌浣忓畢浣跨敤鏈夊叧鐨勪换浣曟�¤�佺敤閫旓紱鍦ㄣ�婂煄涔¤�勫垝锛堢敤閫斿垎绫伙級浠ゃ��1987骞达紙SI 1987/764锛変腑鎸囧畾鐨勫悓涓�鐢ㄩ�旂被鍒�鑼冨洿鍐呮敼鍙樼敤閫�

闈炲湡鍦版墍鏈変汉涔熷彲浠ョ敵璇穚lanning permission锛屼絾闇�瑕侀�氱煡鎵�鏈変汉

涓嶉渶瑕佺敵璇穚lanning permission鐨勬椿鍔�锛堣繕鏄�闇�瑕佽�稿彲鐨勶級锛氫綇瀹呭涵闄㈠唴鐨勫紑鍙戯紱娆¤�佸伐绋嬶紱鐢ㄩ�斿彉鏇达紱瀵瑰姙鍏�妤笺�佸晢搴椼�侀噾铻嶆垨涓撲笟鏈嶅姟鏈烘瀯銆佸伐涓氬崟浣嶆垨浠撳簱鐨勬墿寤烘垨鏀瑰缓

enforcement锛氬�傛灉灏嗗缓绛戠墿鏀逛负鍗曚竴浣忓畢鐢ㄩ�旓紝闇�瑕佸湪鍥涘勾鍐呮墽琛岋紝鍏朵粬鎯呭喌鐨勬椂闄愪负鍗佸勾锛屽崄骞村悗鐩稿綋浜庢椂鏁堢粡杩�

enforcement鐨勬帾鏂斤細(a) Enforcement notice(b) Stop notice锛堝彧鑳藉拰enforcement notice涓�璧烽�佽揪(c) Temporary stop notice(d) Breach of condition notice锛堝�硅繚鍙峜onsent鎵�闄勬潯浠惰�岄�佽揪鐨勯�氱煡锛�(e) Injunction

鏃犺�烘槸鍚︽瀯鎴恉evelopment锛岄兘闇�瑕佹椿鍔╞uilding regulation consent锛屾墍浠ュ緢澶歨ome improvement娲诲姩涔熼渶瑕�

listed building鍜宑onservation area鏈夐�濆�栫殑绠＄悊鎺�鏂�

2.聽investigation of title

unregistered land闇�瑕佹彁渚況oot of title锛堣嚦灏戜笂婧�15骞达級

璋冩煡freehold registered land锛氳皟鏌�official copies of entries鍜宼itle plan锛涜皟鏌ユ槸鍚︽湁overriding interest銆傚壇鏈�涓嶅簲瓒呰繃12涓�鏈堬紝land registry涓嶅�硅秴杩�12涓�鏈堢殑鍓�鏈�杩涜�屾煡鍐�

鍓�鏈�鍖呮嫭property register锛堜細璁拌浇浜�鏈夌殑鍦板焦鏉冿級锛宲roprietorship register锛宑harges register锛堣�拌浇鍦熷湴涓婄殑鏉冨埄璐熸媴锛�

鍙�鑳藉奖鍝嶇墿涓氬苟闇�瑕佽繘涓�姝ヨ皟鏌ョ殑浜嬮」锛氬湴褰规潈锛宮ines and minerals reservation锛宺ight of air and light锛坮ight of light浣垮彈鐩婁汉鏈夋潈鑾峰緱鏈�浣庢按骞崇殑鑷�鐒剁収鏄庯紝鑰屼笉鏄�澶�闃崇殑鐩村皠鍏夌嚎銆備韩鍙楀厜20骞寸殑鐗╀笟鍙�浠ヨ幏寰楄繖涓�鏉冨埄锛夛紝co-ownership锛坆eneficial joints tenants娌℃湁鍗曠嫭浠介�濓紝鍘讳笘鍚庤嚜鍔ㄥ綊鍓╀綑鍏辨湁浜猴紝tenants in common鍙�浠ユ寔涓嶅悓姣斾緥鐨勮偂浠藉苟缁ф壙鍏舵潈鐩婏級锛宯egative and positive covenant锛坧ositive covenant鍙�浠ヤ娇鐢╥ndemnity chain浣垮叾enforceable锛屼娇娌℃湁涔板�跺悜鍓嶄竴涓�鎵�鏈夎�呰禂鍋匡紝瀹為檯涓婃湁鏈�鍚庝竴涓�鏈夊伩浠樿兘鍔涚殑涔板彈浜烘壙鎷呰繚鍙嶇殑涓嶅埄鐩婏級锛宧ome right锛堟棤鎴块厤鍋舵垨姘戜簨浼翠荆娉曞畾鐨勫眳鐣欐潈锛屽�傛灉閰嶅伓鎴栨皯浜嬩即渚ｅ眳浣忓湪濠氬Щ浣忓畢涓�锛屽叾鏈夋潈鍦ㄦ病鏈夋硶闄㈠懡浠ょ殑鎯呭喌涓嬩笉琚�鎺掗櫎鍦ㄥ�栵級

瀵逛簬鍟嗕笟绉熻祦鐗╀笟锛宭andlord鍙�浠ユ彁鍑鸿嚜宸卞疄鏂絘lteration骞舵彁楂樼�熼噾锛堣�屼笉鏄�鎷掔粷绉熸埛鐨刟lteration锛夛紝绉熸埛鍙�浠ユ嫆缁濊繖鏍风殑鎻愯��锛屼絾濡傛灉鎷掔粷锛屾硶闄�涔熷皢涓嶄細鍐嶅悓鎰忕敱绉熸埛鑷�琛屽疄鏂絘lteration

deduction of title瑕佸線鍓嶈拷婧�鑷冲皯15骞磋〃鏄庣墿涓氱殑legal and equitable rights杞�绉荤殑璇佹嵁锛屽苟涓斾笉浠や汉浜х敓鎬�鐤戙�備竴鑸�鏄�鍙嶆槧鍑哄敭鐨勬枃浠讹紙鑰屼笉鏄�璧犱笌锛岃禒涓庝細璁╀汉鐢熺枒锛夛紝瀵硅繖涓猺oot鍓嶇殑鏂囦欢鍙�浠ヤ笉鍑虹ず锛岄櫎闈炲瓨鍦ㄨ繕褰卞搷鐗╀笟鐨勫埄鐩婏紝瀵规�ゅ悗鐨勬枃浠跺簲璇ュ嚭绀猴紝闄ら潪鏄�宸茬粡be overreached鐨勫埄鐩�

濡傛灉浠ユ煇浜虹殑姝讳骸鎴栧�氬Щ缁撴潫浣滀负绉熸湡缁撴潫锛屽垯瑙嗕负90骞寸殑绉熺害锛屽苟浠ユ彁鍓嶄竴涓�鏈堢殑閫氱煡涓烘潯浠讹紙涓嶉�傜敤浜庢棤鍋跨殑绉熺害锛�

1996骞村悗鍒涜�剧殑绉熺害锛屽叾鍚庣殑鍙楄�╀汉閮藉彈covenant鐨勭害鏉燂紝涓嶇�℃槸touch and concern the property鐨刢ovenant锛屽彲浠ユ墽琛岋紝闄ら潪鏄�鍘熸潵绉熸埛鐨勪汉韬�鎬х殑covenant銆傚彈璁╃殑landlord涔熷彲浠ユ墽琛岋紙鍦ㄦ櫘閫氭硶涓嬶紝濡傛灉缇庡厓touch and concern the property锛宑ovenant鐨勫埄鐩婃槸涓嶄細杞�绉诲埌涓嬩竴涓猯andlord鐨勶紝浣嗙敱浜�1996骞寸殑鎴愭枃娉曪紝鎵�浠ヨ浆绉讳簡锛�

11-Solicitors Accounts

绗�涓�閮ㄥ垎聽Double Entry Bookkeeping and聽SRA聽Account Rules

璧勪骇 + 璐圭敤 = 璐熷�� + 鎵�鏈夎�呮潈鐩� + 鏀跺叆

solicitor account涓�锛屽彂鍑篿nvoice鏃讹紝profit cost璁癈R锛宑lient&apos;s debt璁癉R锛屽�㈡埛瀹為檯鏀�浠樿处娆炬椂锛宲rofit cost涓嶅彉

寰嬫墍鐨勮处鐩�涓昏�佸寘鎷�涓や釜accounts锛歝lient ledger鍜宑ash ledger

SRA Account Rules锛氶�傜敤浜巃uthorised bodies, their聽managers and employees

绗�浜岄儴鍒� Client Money and Client Accounts锛堥噸瑕侊級

Client money

client money鏄�鑷�寰嬫墍鐨勫�㈡埛鎴栫��涓夋柟鏀跺埌鎴栦负鍏舵寔鏈夌殑閽憋紝business money灏辨槸寰嬫墍鑷�宸辩殑閽�

client money鍖呮嫭锛�

a.聽涓轰簡瑕嗙洊娉曞緥鏈嶅姟涓�鍙�鑳藉彂鐢熺殑璐圭敤鐨勯挶锛屼緥濡俢ourt fees锛宲urchase price for a property聽being held by a solicitor

b.聽寰嬫墍鎸佹湁鐨勪负瑕嗙洊鏈�鏉ョ殑鏀�浠樻垨寰嬪笀鏈�鏉ヨ垂鐢ㄧ殑閽憋紙until the client is billed锛夛紝鍖呮嫭鍦颁骇浜ゆ槗涓�鐨刴oney聽held as an agent/stakeholder锛宮oney held or received by appointment or in respect of your designation聽as聽trustee or holder of a specified office聽(donee of a聽power of attorney, court聽of protection deputy,聽trustee of an聽occupational pension scheme)

Client聽account

闄ら潪Rule 2.2鐨勪緥澶栨儏鍐碉紝寰嬫墍蹇呴』灏哻lient money鏀惧叆鍗曠嫭鐨刢lient聽bank account锛岃繖涓猘ccount蹇呴』鏄�鑻辨牸鍏板拰濞佸皵澹�鐨刡ank account鎴朾uilding society锛堜笉寰楁槸澶栧浗璐︽埛锛夛紱寰嬫墍鐨勫悕瀛楀繀椤诲湪鎴峰悕涓�锛涙牴鎹甋olicitor Act锛岄摱琛屼笉鑳芥墽琛岃繖涓�璐︽埛

渚嬪�栵細濡傛灉浠呮湁 fees and any unpaid disbursements if held or received prior to delivery of a bill锛堟湁鍏朵粬鐨勯挶灏卞繀椤诲崟鐙�璐︽埛锛屾瘮濡傛湁浠樹笓瀹舵姤鍛婄殑閽憋級鍜屼换浣曠敱浜庝唬琛ㄥ�㈡埛鑰屾嫑鑷翠笖搴旂敱寰嬫墍鏀�浠樼殑閽憋紙渚嬪�傚緥鎵�鍦ㄥ湡鍦扮櫥璁板�勬��绱㈣�屼骇鐢熺殑璐圭敤锛夛紝鍚屾椂锛屽�傛灉寰嬫墍涓嶅洜鍏朵粬浠讳綍鍘熷洜鑰屼繚鎸佷竴涓猚lient account骞朵笖浜嬪厛鍛婄煡瀹㈡埛閽卞湪鍝�閲屽苟灏嗚��濡備綍鎸佹湁锛屽氨涓嶉渶瑕佸崟鐙�鐨刢lient account

client account涓嶉渶瑕佷細璁″笀鎶ュ憡

灏忓緥鎵�杩樺彲浠ラ�夋嫨Third Party Managed Account锛圱PMA锛夛紝鐢辩��涓夋柟浠ｈ〃瀹㈡埛鏀朵粯娆撅紝鑰屼笉鐢眘olicitor鎸佹湁锛屾�ゆ椂鐢变簬涓嶇�﹀悎client money鐨勫畾涔夛紝鍥犳�や笉閫傜敤Account Rules

Paying money into the client bank account

client money搴斺�減romptly鈥濆瓨鍏�client account锛屸�減romptly鈥濇病鏈夊畾涔夛紝浣�14澶╃畻鏄�瓒冲�熶簡銆�

渚嬪�栵細a. money held or received by appointment or in respect of your designation聽as聽trustee or holder of a specified office锛屽彲鑳藉拰鍏充簬specified office鎴朼ppointment鐨勮�勫垯鍐茬獊锛屾�ゆ椂闄や簡鍗曠嫭鐨勮处鎴凤紝涔熷繀椤绘槸鍜屽叾浠栧�㈡埛鐨勯挶闅旂�荤殑鍗曠嫭璐︽埛;聽 b. 涓烘敮浠樺緥鎵�鐨勫紑閿�鑰屾潵鑷狶egal聽Aid Agency鐨刢lient money锛屼絾鏄�寰嬫墍涓嶈兘灏嗚繖浜涢挶瀛樺叆鑷�宸辩殑business account;聽 c.聽鍦ㄤ釜鍒�鎯呭喌涓嬶紝鎮ㄥ悓鎰忎笌瀹㈡埛鎴栨寔鏈夎祫閲戠殑绗�涓夋柟杈炬垚涔﹂潰鏇夸唬瀹夋帓銆�

Returning client聽money

涔熸槸瑕乸romptly锛屽彧瑕佹病鏈夊叾浠栫悊鐢辩户缁�鎸佹湁client money銆傚師鍒欐槸锛屽緥鎵�蹇呴』浣縞lient money涓�绱㈣�佸氨鑳借幏寰楋紝闄ら潪杈炬垚涔﹂潰鏇夸唬瀹夋帓

Keeping聽client money separate from the firm&apos;s own money

鏈夋椂鍙�鑳戒細鏀跺埌mixed payment锛岀悊璁轰笂鏄�鎷嗗垎鍒掑叆涓嶅悓鐨勮处鎴凤紝浣嗛摱琛屽彲鑳戒笉鍚屾剰锛屾墍浠ュ疄闄呭彲浠ュ厛鍒掑叆涓�涓�璐︽埛锛屽啀灏嗙浉搴旂殑閮ㄥ垎杩呴�熷垝鍏ュ彟涓�涓�璐︽埛

Withdrawls of聽client money from the聽client bank account

寰嬫墍涓嶈兘鍦ㄧ粰瀹㈡埛鍙戝嚭璐﹀崟鍓嶏紝灏哻lient bank account鍐呯殑璧勯噾鐢ㄤ簬鏀�浠樺畠鎷涜嚧鐨勮垂鐢ㄦ垨鐢ㄤ簬瑕嗙洊瀹冧互鍏惰嚜宸辩殑閽辨敮浠樼殑鏀�鍑�

鍥犳�わ紝寰嬫墍鍦ㄧ敤client money鏀�浠榗ost鍓嶏紝蹇呴』鍚戝�㈡埛鍙戝嚭bill of cost鎴栧叾浠栦功闈㈤�氱煡锛屼笖鍦╰ransfer涔嬪墠鍙戝嚭锛岃浆鍑洪噾棰濆繀椤诲拰bill鎴栭�氱煡涓�涓�鑷�

client money鍙�鑳藉湪浠ヤ笅鎯呭喌涓嬭��鍙栧嚭锛氭牴鎹�鍏惰��鎸佹湁鐨勭洰鐨勶紙涔熷氨鏄�璇达紝濡傛灉寰嬫墍浜嬪厛閫氱煡瀹㈡埛money琚�鎸佹湁鐨勭洰鐨勫氨鏄�鏀�浠樻敮鍑猴紝閭ｅ氨鍙�浠ュ湪鍙戝嚭bill鍓嶅彇鍑猴級锛屾牴鎹�瀹�鎴锋寚绀猴紝鎴栧湪SRA浜嬪厛涔﹂潰鎺堟潈鎴栭�勫畾鎯呭喌涓嬨��

浣嗘槸锛屽�傛灉鏀�鍑猴紙disbursement锛夋病鏈変骇鐢熸垨琚�寰嬫墍鍨�浠橈紝涓嶅彲浠ヨ浆绉籧lient money

鍙栧嚭client money蹇呴』鏄�鏈夊厖瓒崇殑璧勯噾锛屼篃灏辨槸涓嶈兘瓒呰繃浣欓�濄��

12-Wills and Estate Administration

绗�涓�閮ㄥ垎 Introduction

Definition

a legal document executed聽in聽accordance with specific procedures in which a person聽announces their intentions on what should happen to their estate after their death

鏍规嵁the Wills Act 1837鎵ц��

鏈夋晥鏉′欢锛�18宀佷互涓婏紝鑷�鎰挎棤寮鸿揩锛宻ensible person锛屼功闈�锛屼袱鍚嶈�佽瘉浜哄湪鍦轰笅鐨勭�惧悕涓旇�佽瘉浜虹�惧悕锛屼笉缁欎簣瑙佽瘉浜烘垨鍏堕厤鍋舵垨姘戜簨鍏卞悓鐢熸椿浜哄埄鐩婏紙鍚﹀垯閬楀槺浠嶆湁鏁堬紝浣嗗叾涓嶈兘鑾峰緱璇ュ埄鐩婏級

Property passing outside the will and intestacy rules

鈥滈仐鍢卞拰缁ф壙娉曚箣澶栫殑璐�浜ц浆绉烩�濄�傝繖绉嶆儏鍐典笅锛岃储浜х殑鎵�鏈夋潈杞�绉讳笉闇�瑕侀�氳繃閬楀槺鎴栫户鎵挎硶鏉ュ垎閰嶈储浜с�傝�屾槸閫氳繃鑱斿悕鎷ユ湁銆佸彈鐩婁汉鎸囧畾銆佷俊鎵樺拰鍏朵粬褰㈠紡鐨勯仐浜ц�勫垝绛夋硶寰嬫満鍒舵潵瀹炵幇銆傚湪杩欑�嶆儏鍐典笅锛岃储浜ф墍鏈夋潈浼氳嚜鍔ㄨ浆绉诲埌鐢熷瓨鐨勮仈鍚嶆墍鏈変汉銆佸彈鐩婁汉鎴栨墭绠′汉鍚嶄笅锛屾棤闇�缁忚繃閬楀槺璁よ瘉鎴栨硶闄�浠嬪叆銆備緥濡傦紝濡傛灉涓�瀵瑰か濡囧叡鍚屾嫢鏈変竴搴ф埧瀛愶紝浣滀负鑱斿悕鎵�鏈変汉锛屽叾涓�涓�鏂瑰幓涓栵紝鐢熷瓨鐨勯厤鍋朵細鑷�鍔ㄦ垚涓鸿�ユ埧浜х殑鍞�涓�鎵�鏈変汉锛岃�屼笉绠″凡鏁呴厤鍋剁殑閬楀槺鎴栫户鎵挎硶瑙勫畾浜嗕粈涔堛�傚悓鏍凤紝濡傛灉涓�涓�浜哄湪鍏朵汉瀵夸繚闄╁崟涓婃寚瀹氫簡鍙楃泭浜猴紝璇ュ彈鐩婁汉浼氬湪鍏跺幓涓栧悗鑾峰緱璇ヤ繚鍗曠殑鏀剁泭锛岃�屼笉绠¤�ヤ汉鐨勯仐鍢辨垨缁ф壙娉曡�勫畾浜嗕粈涔堛�傚寘鎷�淇濋櫓鍗曪紝鍏卞悓璐�浜э紝淇℃墭璐�浜э紝pension benefit

Jointly owned property

鏍规嵁survivorship锛岃储浜ц嚜鍔ㄧЩ杞�鑷崇敓瀛樼殑joint tenants锛屽叡鏈夐摱琛岃处鎴蜂篃鏄�濡傛��

濡傛灉鏄痓eneficial tenants in common锛屽幓涓栨柟鐨勪唤棰濆強閭ｄ釜褰㈡垚缁ф壙璐�浜х殑涓�閮ㄥ垎

Nominated property

&quot;Nominated property&quot;閫氬父鎸囨牴鎹�淇濋櫓鍏�鍙搞�佸吇鑰侀噾璁″垝鎴栧叾浠栫被浼兼満鏋勭殑瑙勫畾锛屽湪涓�浜涢噾铻嶄骇鍝佷腑琚�鎸囧畾涓哄彈鐩婁汉鐨勮储浜с�傝繖浜涗骇鍝佸彲鑳藉寘鎷�瀵块櫓銆佹剰澶栦激瀹抽櫓銆佸吇鑰侀噾璁″垝銆佷釜浜哄偍钃勮处鎴枫�佷俊鎵樺熀閲戙�佽瘉鍒歌处鎴风瓑銆傚�傛灉鎸囧畾浜嗗彈鐩婁汉锛岄偅涔堝湪鎶曚繚浜烘垨璐︽埛鎸佹湁浜哄幓涓栧悗锛岃繖浜涜储浜ч�氬父浼氳��鑷�鍔ㄨ浆绉荤粰鍙楃泭浜猴紝鑰屼笉闇�瑕佺粡杩囬仐鍢辨垨缁ф壙绋嬪簭銆�

Insurance policies

鍑哄叿姝讳骸璇佹槑鏃讹紝淇濋櫓鏀跺叆鐩存帴浠樼粰鎸囧畾鐨勫彈鐩婁汉

Pension benefits

鍏昏�侀噾鍙楁墭浜哄彲鑳藉湪鍙楃泭浜烘�讳骸鏃堕渶瑕佸伩浠樹竴绗旇祫閲戯紝濡傛灉鏄�鍚慞R鍋夸粯锛屽垯鏋勬垚缁ф壙璐�浜э紝濡傛灉鏄�鎸囧畾浜嗙��涓夋柟鎺ュ彈锛屽垯鐩存帴浠樼粰绗�涓夋柟锛屼笉鏋勬垚缁ф壙璐�浜с��

绗�浜岄儴鍒喡燛stablishing entitlement

濡傛灉閬楀槺涓�鏈夋寚瀹氾紝杩欏�勭悊閬椾骇鐨勪负executor锛屾棤鎸囧畾鑰屽�勭悊閬椾骇鐨勪负administrator锛屼袱鑰呭叡鍚屾垚涓篜R

Basic聽presumption

non-technical words聽bear their ordinary meaning

technical words are given their technical meaning

Establishing the testator&apos;s intention

administration of justice act 1982绗�21鑺�

濡傛灉閬楀槺鐨勬煇涓�閮ㄥ垎娌℃湁鎰忎箟銆佸湪琛ㄩ潰涓婃湁姝т箟鎴栬�呭湪鍛ㄥ洿鐜�澧冪殑鎯呭喌涓嬫湁姝т箟锛岄偅涔堣繖涓�鏉℃�惧氨閫傜敤浜庤繖涓�閬楀槺銆傛�ゅ�栵紝杩欎釜鏉℃�捐�勫畾锛屽湪閬楀槺瑙ｉ噴鏃讹紝鍙�浠ヤ娇鐢ㄥ�栭儴璇佹嵁锛屽寘鎷�閬楀槺鑰呯殑鎰忓浘璇佹嵁锛屼互甯�鍔╄В閲婅繖涓�閬楀槺銆傛崲鍙ヨ瘽璇达紝濡傛灉閬楀槺鐨勬煇涓�閮ㄥ垎涓嶆竻妤氭垨鑰呮湁澶氱�嶈В閲婏紙杩欐槸閫傜敤澶栭儴璇佹嵁鐨勫墠鎻愭潯浠�锛夛紝娉曢櫌鍙�浠ュ弬鑰冮仐鍢辫�呯殑鎰忓浘鍜屽懆鍥寸幆澧冪殑璇佹嵁鏉ョ‘瀹氭�ｇ‘鐨勮В閲娿��

Rectification

濡傛灉娉曢櫌纭�瀹氶仐鍢辨棤娉曞疄鐜伴仐鍢变汉鐨勭湡瀹炴剰鍥撅紝鍒欏彲浠ュ�归仐鍢辫繘琛岀籂姝ｏ細

鍥犱负涔﹀啓閿欒��锛涙垨鍥犱负寰嬪笀绛夌浉鍏充汉鍛樻棤娉曟�ｇ‘鐞嗚В閬楀槺浜虹殑鎸囩ず锛岃�屽�艰嚧閬楀槺鏃犳硶瀹炵幇閬楀槺浜虹殑鐪熷疄鎰忓浘銆侾roperty passing under the will姣忎竴浠介仐鍢遍兘搴旇�ヨ��鐞嗚В涓哄�傚悓鍦ㄩ仐鍢辨墽琛屼汉鍘讳笘鍓嶇珛鍗虫墽琛岀殑锛屾棤璁烘槸鍏充簬閬楀槺涓�鍖呭惈鐨勪笉鍔ㄤ骇杩樻槸鍔ㄤ骇锛岄櫎闈為仐鍢辨湰韬�琛ㄦ槑鏈夌浉鍙嶇殑鎰忓浘銆備篃灏辨槸璇达紝濡傛灉閬楀槺娌℃湁鏄庣‘瑙勫畾鐗瑰畾鏃堕棿鎴栨儏鍐典笅鎵ц�岋紝閭ｄ箞杩欎唤閬楀槺灏嗚��鐞嗚В涓哄湪閬楀槺鎵ц�屼汉鍘讳笘鏃剁珛鍗崇敓鏁堛��

identifying the beneficiaries姒傜О瀛╁瓙鏃讹紝鏀跺吇鐨勫�╁瓙琚�鐪嬩綔鏄�鍏荤埗姣嶇殑瀛╁瓙锛岃�屼笉鏄�鐢熺埗姣嶇殑瀛╁瓙锛屽洜姝わ紝鐢熺埗姣嶅湪閬楀槺涓�娑夊強琚�鏀跺吇鐨勫�╁瓙瑕佺壒鍒�鐐规槑锛岄潪濠氱敓瀛愪笌濠氱敓瀛愬湴浣嶇浉鍚屼笀澶�/濡诲瓙鍜宑ivil partner鍚�涔変笉鍚�

failure of gifta. uncertaintygift鐨勫彈璧犱汉涓嶆槑鏃讹紝娉曢櫌鍙�浠ヤ娇鐢ㄤ笂杩扮殑淇�姝ｆ潈鍔涳紝渚嬪�栨槸donation to a charity锛屾硶闄㈠彲浠ユ寚瀹氬摢涓�缁勭粐鑾峰緱杩欎竴鎹愮尞锛屽�傛灉鍏舵厛鍠勭洰鐨勬槸鍞�涓�涓旀槑纭�鐨刡.聽beneficiary witness will濡傛灉鍙楃泭浜烘垨鍏堕厤鍋舵垨姘戜簨鍏卞悓鐢熸椿浜轰綔涓鸿�佽瘉浜猴紝璧犱笌鏃犳晥锛屼絾濡傛灉鍙楄禒涓庝汉鐨勫瓙濂筹紝鍚屽眳鑰呮垨涔嬪悗涓庡叾缁撳�氱殑浜轰綔涓鸿�佽瘉浜猴紝璧犱笌鏈夋晥銆傚�傛灉涓�鍛ㄦ病鏈夊彈鐩婁汉绛惧悕鐨勬儏鍐典笅琚�姝ｇ‘绛剧讲锛岃禒涓庢湁鏁坈. divorce or dissolution濡傛灉閬楀槺鍒朵綔鑰呭湪鍒跺畾閬楀槺鍚庣�诲�氭垨濠氬Щ琚�搴�瀹″簾姝�锛岄偅涔堝叾涓�浠诲懡鍓嶉厤鍋朵负閬椾骇鎵ц�屼汉銆佸彈鎵樹汉鎴栬祴浜堣�屼娇浠诲懡鏉冪殑鏉℃�惧皢瑙嗗墠閰嶅伓浜庣�诲�氭垨搴熸�㈠�氬Щ鏃ュ凡鏁呰�屽け鏁堬紱浠讳綍閬椾骇涓�璧犱笌鍓嶉厤鍋剁殑璐�浜ф垨鍒╃泭涔熷皢瑙嗗墠閰嶅伓浜庤�ユ棩宸叉晠鑰岃浆绉伙紝闄ら潪閬楀槺涓�鏈夌浉鍙嶇殑鎰忔効銆�

15-Criminal Practice

绗�涓�閮ㄥ垎聽Right of a suspectRights of a detainee held at a police station涓�涓�浜哄彲浠ュ湪鏈夋垨娌℃湁閫�鎹曡瘉鐨勬儏鍐典笅琚�閫�鎹曞拰鎷樼暀銆傚�傛灉璀﹀療鍦ㄥ珜鐤戜汉琚玞ustody鍚庤�や负宸茬粡鐘�涓嬩簡鍙�琚�鐩戠�佺殑缃�琛岋紝浠栦滑鏈夋潈鎵ｇ暀瀚岀枒浜鸿繘琛岃��闂�銆傚�圭姱缃�瀚岀枒浜虹殑鎵ｇ暀鏈熼檺锛屽彧鑳借嚜鎵ｇ暀寮�濮嬩箣鏃ヨ捣涓嶈秴杩囦簩鍗佸洓灏忔椂锛屾姷杈捐�﹀眬鏃惰捣绠楋紝鎵ｇ暀鍙�浠ュ欢闀�12灏忔椂锛屾渶闀垮彲杈�36灏忔椂銆備负浜嗗欢闀挎嫎鐣欐湡闄愶紝鑷冲皯鏄�璀﹀徃superintendent 绾у埆鐨勫畼鍛樺繀椤绘湁鍚堢悊鐨勭悊鐢辩浉淇℃嫎鐣欏�逛簬鍙栧緱璇佹嵁鏄�蹇呰�佺殑锛岃�屼笖鎵�娑夌姜琛屽繀椤绘槸indictable鐨勩�俶agistrate court鍙�浠ュ皢鎷樼暀鏃堕棿寤堕暱鑷�96灏忔椂銆傚�傛灉瀚岀枒浜鸿��鍏虫娂瓒呰繃24灏忔椂锛屼粬浠�蹇呴』鍦ㄧ��浜屽ぉ鍑哄涵锛岄�氬父鏄�鍦╩agistrate&apos;s court(涓嶅寘鎷�鍛ㄦ湯銆佸湥璇炶妭鎴朑ood Friday)銆傛嫎鐣欏畼鍛樺繀椤荤‘淇濆悜琚�鎷樼暀浜烘槑纭�鍛婄煡锛屽湪鎷樼暀鏈熼棿鐨勪换浣曢樁娈靛彲浠ヨ�屼娇涓嬪垪鏉冨埄锛歊ights to have someone informed of arrect琚�鎷樼暀鍦ㄨ�﹀療灞�鐨勪汉鏈夋潈鍛婄煡:(a)鏈嬪弸锛涙垨(b)浜插睘锛涙垨(c)浠栨墍璁よ瘑鐨勪汉锛涙垨锛坉锛夊彲鑳藉�逛粬鐨勭�忕�夊叧娉ㄧ殑浜篟ight to legal advice琚�閫�鎹曞苟琚�鎷樼暀鍦ㄨ�﹀療灞�鐨勪汉鏈夋潈闅忔椂绉佷笅鍜ㄨ�㈠緥甯堬紙璀︽柟蹇呴』鍚戣��缇佺暀鑰呰В閲婅繖涓�鐐癸紝鍗充娇鍦ㄨ�︽柟绾﹁皥鐤戠姱鏃讹紝浜﹂』閫氱煡鐤戠姱寰嬪笀宸插埌鍦�-璀﹀姟浜哄憳涓嶅緱鍔濋樆鐤戠姱鍙栧緱娉曞緥浠ｈ〃鍙婃硶寰嬫剰瑙侊級 Right to consult the Codes of Practice銆婂伐浣滃畧鍒欍�嬪繀椤诲湪鎵�鏈夎�﹀療灞�鎻愪緵锛屼緵涓嬪垪浜哄憳鏌ラ槄锛歱olice officer锛沺olice staff锛涜��鎷樼暀浜哄憳锛涘叕浼椼�俁ight to interpretation and translation and their right to communicate with their High Commission, Embassy or ConsulateRight to be informed about the offence and (as the case may be) any further offences for which they are arrested璀︽柟鍙�鍦ㄤ互涓嬫椂闂村唴鎷栧欢鍛婄煡锛氱粡inspector鎴栦互涓婅亴绾т汉鍛樻巿鏉冿紱涓斾粎indictable缃�琛屾湁鍏炽�傛�ょ被闄愬埗鏈�闀垮彲杈�36灏忔椂(PACE 1984绗�56(3)鏉�)锛屼笖浠呴�傜敤浜�(a)骞叉壈鎴栨崯瀹宠瘉鎹�;鎴栬��(b)鍚戝叾浠栧珜鐤戜汉鎻愪緵绾跨储锛屽弽杩囨潵甯�鍔╁叾閫冭窇鐨�;鎴�(c)濡ㄧ�嶈拷璁ㄥ洜鐘�璇ョ姜琛岃�屽彇寰楃殑璐�浜у珜鐤戜汉蹇呴』鏀跺埌鍏充簬涓婅堪鏉冨埄鐨勪功闈㈤�氱煡锛屼互鍙婅��鍛婄煡浠栨垨濂瑰彲浠ュ�绘眰娉曞緥椤鹃棶锛岃幏寰楁嫎鐣欒�板綍鍓�鏈�鍜屾牴鎹甈ACE娉曞吀C绗�10鏉＄殑璀﹀憡鐨勪功闈㈢‘璁わ紝浠ュ強绠�瑕佹�傝堪鍏跺湪鎷樼暀鏈熼棿鏉冨埄鐨勭��浜屼唤涔﹂潰閫氱煡銆傛�ゅ�栵紝琚�鎷樼暀鑰呭繀椤荤�剧讲杩欎唤涔﹂潰閫氱煡;琚�鎷樼暀浜烘嫆缁濈殑锛屽繀椤诲湪缇佹娂绗斿綍涓婃敞鏄庛�傝�﹀療鏈夋潈鎼滄煡銆佹敹闆嗘帉绾广�佹寚绾瑰拰鍏朵粬鐢熺墿鐗瑰緛鏁版嵁銆傚�逛簬鍐呴儴鎼滄煡锛岄渶瑕佺壒鍒�鐨剋arrant銆傚悓涓�浜轰笉寰楀洜鍚屼竴缃�琛岃��鎷樼暀涓�娆′互涓奀omplaint濡傛灉涓婅堪浠讳綍姝ラ�ゆ病鏈夎��閬靛惊鎴栨潈鍒╁彈鍒颁镜鐘�锛宨nmate鍙�浠ラ�夋嫨鎻愬嚭姝ｅ紡鎶曡瘔

绗�浜岄儴鍒喡燗nswering police questionsright to silence瀚岀枒浜哄彲浠ヤ繚鎸佹矇榛橈紝浣嗘硶闄�涔熷彲浠ユ嵁姝ゅ緱鍑篴dverse inference锛屽嵆涓嶅埄鎺ㄨ�猴紝姣斿�傚叾鏃犳硶瀵硅嚜宸辩殑琛屼负鍋氬嚭鍚堢悊瑙ｉ噴鑰屽湪瀹″垽鏃舵彁鍑篈dverse Inferences琚�鍛婁笉鑳戒粎浠呭洜涓篴dverse inference鑰岃��瀹氱姜琚�鍛婂�傛灉鍙�浠ュ悎鐞嗗湴鍦ㄨ�㈤棶鏃舵彁鍑哄叾鎹�浠ユ姉杈╃殑鐩稿叧浜嬪疄锛堣繖绉嶄簨瀹炰篃鍙�浠ユ槸鐢卞緥甯堟彁鍑虹殑锛岃�屼笉涓�瀹氭槸琚�鍛婃湰浜猴級锛屼絾鍗寸洿鍒板�″垽鏃舵墠鎻愬嚭锛屾硶闄�涔熷彲浠ュ緱鍑篴dverse inference锛屽洜姝わ紝琚�鍛婁汉搴旇�ヤ粖鏃╂彁鍑烘姉杈╂硶闄㈠緱鍑轰笉鍒╂帹璁鸿�佹弧瓒充互涓嬫潯浠跺繀椤诲氨鏌愰」缃�琛屽�硅�ヤ汉鎻愯捣璇夎�兼寚绉扮殑鏈�鍥炵瓟闂�棰樺繀椤诲彂鐢熷湪鎻愬嚭鎸囨帶涔嬪墠瀵瑰珜鐤戜汉鐨勮��闂�蹇呴』鏄�涓轰簡杈ㄥ埆鎵�鎸囩О鐨勭姜琛屾槸鍚︽垨鐢辫皝瀹炴柦鐨勮��鍛婃湭鎻愬強鏌愪欢浜嬬殑浜嬪疄蹇呴』鏄�鍦ㄥ綋鏃剁殑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝浠栬��鍚堢悊鍦版湡鏈涘湪琚�璇㈤棶鏃舵彁鍙婄殑浜嬪疄鍙�鏈夐櫔瀹″洟璁ゅ畾琚�鍛婁繚鎸佹矇榛樻槸鍥犱负浠栧�规寚鎺ф病鏈夊洖搴旓紝鎴栬�呮病鏈夌粡寰楄捣瀹℃煡鐨勫洖绛旓紝鎵嶈兘浣滃嚭鎺ㄨ�篈dvising a client to Remain Silent-璀︽柟鎶�闇茬殑绋嬪害褰撹�︽柟鎻愪緵鐨勮祫鏂欎笉瓒充互鍚戝�㈡埛鎻愪緵閫傚綋鐨勬剰瑙佹椂锛屽緥甯堝彲寤鸿��鍏跺�㈡埛淇濇寔娌夐粯-妗堜欢鐨勬�ц川妗堜欢澶嶆潅鎴栨秹鍙婂埌寰堜箙浠ュ墠鐨勪簨浠跺緢涔呬互鍓嶏紝寰嬪笀鍙�鑳戒細寤鸿��淇濇寔娌夐粯-鐘�缃�瀚岀枒浜虹殑涓�浜烘儏鍐靛綋鐘�缃�瀚岀枒浜虹敓鐥呫�佺簿绁為敊涔便�佽剢寮便�佺柌鎯�銆佸洶鎯戙�侀渿鎯娿�侀唹閰掔瓑鎯呭喌鏃讹紝寰嬪笀鍙�寤鸿��浠栦繚鎸佹矇榛樹絾琚�鍛婁汉鍙�浠ヨ��鍚堢悊鏈熷緟鎻愬嚭杩欎簺浜嬪疄鏃讹紝寰嬪笀寤鸿��骞朵笉鑳戒綔涓哄弽瀵逛笉鍒╂帹璁虹殑鐞嗙敱

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绗�鍥涢儴鍒� Interviewing a suspect鍦ㄨ��鍛婁汉鎺ュ彈interview鍓嶏紝蹇呴』鍚戣��鍛婁汉鍙婂叾寰嬪笀鎻愪緵瓒冲�熺殑璧勬枡锛屼娇琚�鍛婁汉浜嗚В缃�琛岀殑鎬ц川锛屼互鍙婁粬浠�娑夊珜鐘�缃�鐨勫師鍥犮�傜劧鑰岋紝杩欏苟涓嶈�佹眰鍦ㄥ彲鑳藉奖鍝嶅垜浜嬭皟鏌ョ殑鎯呭喌涓嬫姭闇茶�︽儏銆傚洜姝わ紝璋冩煡瀹樺憳鏈夋潈鍔涘喅瀹氬�備綍鎶�闇层�傚�傛灉瀚岀枒浜烘嫆缁濆湪闈㈣皥鏈熼棿鏈夋硶寰嬮【闂�鍦ㄥ満鐨勬潈鍒╋紝蹇呴』寰楀埌鑷冲皯鏄痠nspector绾у畼鍛樼殑鍚屾剰 Role and conduct by defence solicitor鏈夌偣鐞愮�庝簡Role of appropriate adult璀︽柟蹇呴』纭�淇濅粬浠�闄や簡鏈夋潈鑱樿�峰緥甯堝�栵紝杩樿兘涓庨�傚綋鎴愬勾浜�(鍗崇埗姣嶇瓑)鎺ヨЕ銆傛寜鐓х瓑绾ч『搴忕‘瀹�:(a)鐖舵瘝鎴栫洃鎶や汉(b)褰撳湴鏀垮簻鐨勭ぞ浼氬伐浣滆��(c)18宀佷互涓婅礋璐ｄ换鐨勬垚骞翠汉(鍗抽樋濮ㄣ�佸彅鍙斻�佺�栫埗姣嶇瓑)

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绗�鍏�閮ㄥ垎聽First hearingClassification of聽offences-summary only offence浠呭湪magistrate&apos;s court瀹＄悊銆傚�傛灉鍦ㄧ姜琛屽彂鐢熸棩鏈熷悗鍏�涓�鏈堜互涓婃彁鍑鸿祫鏂欙紝鍒欒捣璇夊皢琚�鏃堕檺闄愬埗浼犵エ浼氭寚鏄庤��鍛婂繀椤婚�栨�″埌搴�鐨勬棩鏈燂紝骞跺彲瑕佹眰琚�鍛婂湪璇ユ棩鎻愬嚭鎶楄京銆傚�傛灉琚�鍛婅�ょ姜锛屾硶闄㈠彲浠ョ珛鍗宠繘琛屽�ｅ垽銆傝��鍛婂彲灏卞垽鍐冲悜crown court涓婅瘔銆傚�傛灉琚�鍛婁笉璁ょ姜锛岄偅涔堟硶闄㈠皢浼戝涵鍒颁笅娆″紑搴�杩涜�岀瓟杈╁拰妗堜欢绠＄悊鍚�璇佷細-either way offence鍦╩ode of trial聽hearing涓婂喅瀹氭湁MC杩樻槸CC瀹＄悊濡傝��鍛婅�ょ姜锛孧C濡傝�や负鏈夎冻澶熸潈鍔涘�规�堜欢浣滃嚭閫傚綋鍒ゅ喅锛屽彲绔嬪嵆鑱嗚��妗堜欢銆傚惁鍒欙紝MC鍙�灏嗘�堜欢鎻愪氦缁機C鍒ゅ喅銆傚�傛灉琚�鍛婁汉鍦∕C璁や负閫傚悎杩涜�岀畝鏄撹�佸垽鐨勬�堜欢涓�涓嶈�ょ姜锛岃��鍛婁汉浼氳��闂�鍙婃槸鍚﹀悓鎰忚繘琛岀畝鏄撹�佸垽锛屾垨閫夋嫨鍦–C杩涜�屽�¤��銆傚�傛灉浠栦滑閫夋嫨鍦–C瀹″垽锛屾�堜欢灏嗙珛鍗宠��閫佷氦CC杩涜�岀瓟杈╁拰妗堜欢绠＄悊鍚�璇佷細-indictable offencesCC瀹＄悊apply for a representation order琚�鍛婂湪MC鐢宠�锋硶寰嬫彺鍔╁繀椤绘弧瓒筹細interest of justice test鍜宼he means test-interest of justice test鑰冭檻鐢宠�蜂汉鐨勫墠绉戙�佺姜琛岀殑鎬ц川鍜岃��鎷樼暀鐨勯�庨櫓锛屼互纭�瀹氱敵璇蜂汉鏄�鍚︽湁璧勬牸鑾峰緱娉曞緥鎻村姪銆傚�逛綘鐨勫綋浜嬩汉鐨勬寚鎺ц秺涓ラ噸鎴栧彲鑳戒骇鐢熺殑鍚庢灉瓒婁弗閲嶏紝浠栦滑鐨勬�堜欢瓒婃湁鍙�鑳界�﹀悎娉曞緥鎻村姪鐨勮祫鏍�(CC瀹″垽琚�瑙嗕负鑷�鍔ㄦ弧瓒虫�ゆ祴璇�)-the means test鑷�鍔ㄦ弧瓒筹紝濡傛灉锛氭帴鍙梚ncome support (&apos;IS&apos;), income-based allowance (&apos;ISA&apos;), State Pension Guarantee Credit, Universal Credit (UC), or income-based Employment and Support Allowance (&apos;ESA&apos;)鎴�18宀佷互涓�

绗�涓冮儴鍒� Plea before venue

procedure for defendant entering聽plea涔﹁�板憳瀹ｈ�昏捣璇変功骞惰�佹眰琚�鍛婅繘琛屾姉杈┿�傝��鍛婂彲閫夋嫨not guilty/no plea鎴栦綔guilty pleaadvising the client on trial venue鍦╡ither way鐨勬�堜欢涓�锛屽緥甯堝繀椤诲氨涓ょ�嶆硶搴�鐨勪紭缂虹偣鍚戝綋浜嬩汉鎻愬嚭寤鸿�瓹C鐨勮�冭檻鍥犵礌锛氭棤缃�閲婃斁鐨勫彲鑳芥�ц緝澶э紙鏈夐櫔瀹″洟锛夛紱鏇村ソ鐨勮川鐤戞帶鏂硅瘉鎹�鐨勭▼搴忥紙褰撴湁浜夎��鏃讹紝闄�瀹″洟灏嗚��瑕佹眰绂诲紑娉曞涵锛岀敱娉曞畼杩涜�屽皬鍨嬪�″垽锛屼互纭�瀹氬彲閲囨�э紝鑰屽湪MC涓�锛屾硶瀹樺繀椤诲喅瀹氬叏閮ㄩ棶棰橈紝鍥犳�ゅ彲鑳藉彈鍒板奖鍝嶏級锛涙洿闀跨殑鏃堕棿鍑嗗�囨�堜欢MC鐨勮�冭檻鍥犵礌锛氭湁闄愮殑閲忓垜鏉冿紙6涓�鏈堬紝鏁扮姜骞剁綒鏈�澶�12涓�鏈堬級锛涢�熷害鏇村揩锛涙垚鏈�杈冧綆锛涙棤闇�閫佽揪defence statementSending without plea before venue and allocation鍦ㄦ煇浜涙儏鍐典笅锛宔ither way offence灏嗚��鐩存帴閫佷氦CC锛氬湪涓ラ噸鎴栧�嶆潅鐨勬�鸿瘓妗堜欢涓�锛岀敱鍏�璇夌讲缃查暱(DPP)鍙戝嚭閫氱煡锛涙秹鍙婂効绔ュ拰楠氭壈銆佹�х姜琛屻�佺粦鏋躲�侀潪娉曠洃绂佸強缁戞灦鍎跨�ョ殑妗堜欢锛涚姜琛屼笌鍙︿竴椤筰ndictable offence鏈夊叧

绗�鍏�閮ㄥ垎聽Case management and pre-trialMagistrate&apos;s court case management directions娉曢櫌灏嗗湪plea hearing鏃舵垨涔嬪悗缁欎簣妗堜欢绠＄悊鎸囩ずPlea and Trial preparation hearingCC鐨勭��涓�娆¤亞璁�绉颁负Plea and Trial preparation hearing 銆傛硶搴�涔﹁�板憳浼氬�ｈ�昏��鍛婅��鎺х殑缃�琛�(璧疯瘔涔�)锛屽苟瑕佹眰琚�鍛婅�ょ姜鎴栦笉璁ょ姜銆傝繖涓�杩囩▼琚�绉颁负arraignmentDisclosure - Prosecution, defence and unused material浠庤��鍛婄殑瑙掑害鏉ョ湅锛屾湁涓ょ�嶇被鍨嬬殑涔夊姟锛屽嵆witness disclosure 鍜宔xpert witness disclosure銆�-witness disclosure

琚�鍛婂繀椤诲悜CPS閫佽揪涓�浠介�氱煡锛屽垪鏄庝粬鎵撶畻浼犲彫浣滆瘉鐨勪换浣曡瘉浜虹殑濮撳悕銆佸湴鍧�鍜屽嚭鐢熸棩鏈燂紝杩欎釜涔夊姟涓庢彁浜よ京鎶ら檲杩扮殑瑕佹眰鍚屾椂瀛樺湪锛岄�傜敤浜庢不瀹夋硶搴�鍜屽垜浜嬫硶搴�-expert witness disclosure褰撴秹鍙奙C鏉冮檺浠ュ�栫殑鎶�鏈�闂�棰�(鍗虫硶鍖汇�佸尰瀛︿笓瀹剁瓑)鏃讹紝鍦ㄥ�″垽涓�闇�瑕佷笓瀹惰瘉浜哄嚭搴�锛岃��鍛婂繀椤诲湪瀹″垽鍓嶅皢涓撳�舵姤鍛婂壇鏈�閫佽揪CPSObtaining unused material from CPS鏈�浣跨敤鐨勬潗鏂欐槸CPS鎷ユ湁鐨勫墿浣欎俊鎭�锛屽畠涓嶆墦绠楀湪瀹″垽涓�鐢ㄤ綔璇佹嵁浠讳綍鍏堝墠鏈�鍚戣��鍛婃姭闇茬殑妫�鎺ф潗鏂欙紝濡傛湁鍙�鑳借��鍚堢悊鍦拌�や负浼氱牬鍧忓�硅��鍛婄殑妫�鎺э紝鍒欏繀椤绘姭闇�

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绗�鍗侀儴鍒喡燭rial聽procedure in MC and CCstages

(1) Opening speech by Crown Prosecution Service聽solicitor(2) Prosecution witness is called and cross-examined by the defendant&apos;s solicitor(3) There is the possible submission of &apos;no case to answer&apos; by the defendant&apos;s solicitor(4) The defence&apos;s witness is called and cross-examined by the prosecutor&apos;s solicitor(5) Closing speech by the CPS solicitor(6) Closing speech by the defendant&apos;s solicitor(7)聽MC聽retires and returns to give verdict濡傛灉鎺ф柟鏈�鑳戒妇璇佹垨鎺ф柟璇佹嵁鍦ㄤ氦鍙夎�㈤棶鏈熼棿涓嶅彲淇℃垨鏄庢樉涓嶅彲闈狅紝杈╂柟寰嬪笀搴旀彁鍑簄o case to answer琚�鍛婂彲浠ヤ负鑷�宸辨彁渚涜瘉鎹�锛屼絾娌℃湁涔夊姟杩欐牱鍋氥�傜劧鑰岋紝鎻愬嚭鑷�鍗�鎴栦笉鍦ㄥ満璇佹槑绛夎京鎶ょ殑琚�鍛婃湁涓捐瘉璐ｄ换锛屽繀椤诲皢鍏惰京鎶ょ殑涓�浜涜瘉鎹�鎻愪氦娉曞涵濡傛灉寰嬪笀鏄庣煡鍦ㄤ负琚�鍛婅京鎶ゆ椂鎵�浣滅殑闄堣堪鏄�涓嶇湡瀹炵殑锛屼粬蹇呴』鍋滄��浠ｈ〃琚�鍛婅�屼簨銆傝櫧鐒跺緥甯堜笉寰楀湪鏄庣煡浜嬪疄涓嶅疄鐨勬儏鍐典笅鍚戞硶搴�鎻愬嚭杈╂姢锛屼絾寰嬪笀鍙�浠ョ户缁�涓轰粬鐭ラ亾鏈夌姜鐨勮��鍛婅京鎶わ紝鍙�瑕佽��鍛婄殑璁虹偣鏄痭o case to answer

绗�鍗佷竴閮ㄥ垎聽Sentencingrole of sentecing guideline娉曞涵鍦ㄥ�瑰勾婊�18宀佺殑缃�鐘�鍒ゅ垜鏃讹紝蹇呴』鑰冭檻浠ヤ笅浜斾釜閲忓垜鐩�鐨勶細缃�鐘�鍚戝彈鍏剁姜琛屽奖鍝嶇殑浜轰綔鍑虹殑璧斿伩锛涗繚鎶ゅ叕浼楋紱鎯╃綒缃�鐘�锛涘噺灏戠姜琛�(鍖呮嫭閫氳繃濞佹厬鍑忓皯缃�琛�)锛涘�圭姜鐘�鐨勬敼閫燿etermining seriousness鍔犻噸鍥犵礌锛氬厛鍓嶅畾缃�锛涗繚閲婃湡闂寸殑缃�琛岋紱绉嶆棌鎴栧畻鏁欑姜琛屽姞閲嶏紱鍩轰簬鎬у�惧悜鎴栨畫鐤剧殑鏁屾剰鍑忚交鍥犵礌锛氳��鍛婄殑琛屼负鏄�鍐插姩鐨勶紱琚�鍛婄粡鍘嗕簡姣旈�勬湡鏇村ぇ鐨勬寫琛咃紱琚�鍛婃偅鏈夌簿绁炵柧鐥呮垨韬�浣撴畫鐤撅紱琚�鍛婄殑骞撮緞锛涙湭鎴愬勾锛涘嚭浜庣湡姝ｇ殑鎭愭儳鍔ㄦ満锛涜��鍛婃浘璇曞浘鍚戝彈瀹宠�呬綔鍑鸿禂鍋緾oncurrent and Consecutive sentences鍚屾椂鍒ゅ喅锛屾槸鎸囨硶闄㈠垽澶勭殑鐩戠�佽�嗕负鍚屾椂鎵ц�屻�傝繛缁�鍒ゅ喅鏄�鎸囨硶闄㈠垽澶勪竴涓�鐩戠�佸垽鍐筹紝鍦ㄥ彟涓�涓�鐩戠�佸垽鍐崇粨鏉熷悗寮�濮婽ypes of sentenceCustodial Sentence锛汣ommunity Sentence锛汧ine锛汥ischargesuspended sentence琚�鍒ゅ�勮嚦灏�14澶╀絾涓嶈秴杩囦袱骞寸洃绂佺殑锛屽彲浠ョ紦鍒�6涓�鏈堣嚦2骞淬�傚綋琚�鍛婁笉閬典粠鏌愪簺娉曞涵鍛戒护鏃讹紝渚夸細瀹為檯鎵ц�屻�傛硶闄㈠彲浠ワ細鍛戒护鍘熺洃绂佸垽鍐冲湪涓嶆洿鏀圭殑鎯呭喌涓嬭繘琛岋紱鍛戒护鐩戠�佸垽鍐冲湪杈冪煭鐨勬湡闄愬唴杩涜�岋紱淇�鏀瑰師缂撳垜鏈熼檺;浣垮畠鏇寸箒鐞愶紱杩涗竴姝ュ欢闀挎硶闄�涔熷彲鍒ゅ��2500纾呯綒娆炬浛浠ｇ洃绂乧ommunity order褰撹��鍛婂湪娌℃湁姝ｅ綋鐞嗙敱鐨勬儏鍐典笅杩濆弽community order鏃讹紝officer of Probation Service浼氱珛鍗冲悜琚�鍛婂彂鍑鸿�﹀憡銆傝�ュ畼鍛樺皢鎶婃�堜欢鎻愪氦缁欐渶鍒濆疄鏂藉懡浠ょ殑娉曢櫌锛屽�傛灉琚�鍛婂湪闅忓悗鐨�12涓�鏈堝唴鍐嶆�℃湭鑳藉湪娌℃湁鏈夋晥杈╂姢鐨勬儏鍐典笅閬靛畧鍛戒护鐨勬潯娆撅紝琚�鍛婂皢鏈変箟鍔″嚭搴璑ewton hearing鍦ㄦ病鏈夐櫔瀹″洟鍦ㄥ満鐨勬儏鍐典笅鍦ㄦ硶瀹橀潰鍓嶄妇琛岀殑绠�鐭�鍚�璇佷細锛岄�氬父璁や负杩欐槸涓轰簡瑙ｅ喅鎺ц京鍙屾柟涔嬮棿鍙�鑳藉奖鍝嶉殢鍚庡�″垽閲忓垜鐨勪弗閲嶄簨瀹為棶棰�

绗�鍗佷簩閮ㄥ垎 Appeal procedureAppeal from聽MC蹇呴』鍦∕C鍒ゅ垜鍚庣殑21澶╁唴锛屽悜MC鍙奀PS閫掍氦涓婅瘔閫氱煡涔︺�侻C涔﹁�板憳鍚戞湁鍏矯C鍙戝嚭閫氱煡锛岀敱CC瀹夋帓涓婅瘔鑱嗚��鏃ユ湡銆傝�锋敞鎰忥紝濡傛灉閫氱煡鏄�鍦�21澶╀箣澶栵紝CC浠嶇劧鍙�浠ユ帴鍙椼�傚�侻C浜嬪疁鏄�鐢眗epresentation order璧勫姪锛屽垯鍦–C涓婅瘔椤诲彟琛岀敵璇穜epresentation orderPower of CC锛欳C鍙�浠ョ淮鎸侊紝鏇存敼鎴栨帹缈籑C鐨勫垽鍐筹紝骞跺彲浠ュ湪MC鐨勬潈闄愬唴澧炲姞鍒戞湡琚�鍛婁汉鍜孋PS鍙�浠嶮C鍚慔igh Court涓婅瘔锛屼笂璇夊簲鍩轰簬point of law鎴栬秴鍑虹�¤緰鏉冪殑鐞嗙敱-Appeal to HC by Way of Case StatedCPS鎴栬��鍛婂潎鍙�鍚慔C鎻愬嚭涓婅瘔銆傚�傛灉锛歁C鐨勫喅瀹氣�滄硶寰嬮敊璇�鈥濇垨锛孧C鍦ㄧ�¤緰鑼冨洿澶栬�屼簨銆傞�氳繃case stated鏂瑰紡鎻愬嚭鐨勪笂璇変腑鎻愬嚭鐨勪竴鑸�璁虹偣濡備笅:MC璇�璇汇�佽��瑙ｆ垨璇�鐢ㄦ硶寰嬶紱MC鍦ㄥ彲閲囨�т笂鐘�浜嗛敊璇�锛汳C鍦ㄤ富寮爊o case to answer鐨勬儏鍐典笅浣滃嚭閿欒��鐨勫喅瀹氥�傜▼搴忕被浼间簬MC鍚慍C涓婅瘔锛屽苟鍦�21澶╁唴鍚慔C鍙戝嚭閫氱煡銆備粠HC涓婅瘔鍒版渶楂樻硶闄�appeals聽from CCCC涓婅瘔鍒癱riminal division of cour of appeal-appeal against conviction濡傛灉COA璁や负瀹氱姜鏄�鈥渦nsafe鈥濓紝瀹冨繀椤诲厑璁镐笂璇夛紝鍚﹀垯椹冲洖涓婅瘔銆傜悊鐢卞寘鎷�锛氬垵瀹℃硶瀹樿��瀵奸櫔瀹″洟锛涢敊璇�鍦伴噰绾虫垨鎺掗櫎璇佹嵁锛涙湭鑳藉悜闄�瀹″洟鍙戝嚭姝ｇ‘鐨勬寚绀猴紱涓嶉�傚綋鐨勫共棰勶紱鏂扮殑璇佹嵁-procedure琚�鍛婂湪琚�瀹氱姜鍚庣殑28澶╁唴锛屽悜COA閫佽揪鐢宠�蜂笂璇夎�稿彲鐨勯�氱煡涔︺�傛彁浜ょ粰 Registrar of Criminal Appeals at the COA锛孋OA鐨勪竴鍚嶆硶瀹樺皢鍋氬嚭鍐冲畾銆傚�傛灉鏈夋�ｅ綋鐞嗙敱锛屼笂璇夊皢缁х画杩涜�屻�侰OA鐨勬潈鍔涘寘鎷�锛氭挙閿�瀹氱姜骞跺�ｅ憡琚�鍛婃棤缃�锛涢┏鍥炰笂璇夛紱鎾ら攢瀹氱姜骞朵笅浠ら噸瀹★紱鍏佽�搁儴鍒嗕笂璇夊苟椹冲洖鍏朵粬涓婅瘔锛涜�佸畾琚�鍛婄姱鏈夋浛浠ｇ姜琛�-appeal against sentence绋嬪簭涓庡�瑰畾缃�鐨勪笂璇夌浉鍚岋紝鍙�鏄疌OA鐨勬潈鍔涗笉鍚岋紝鍏朵腑鍙�浠ョ‘璁ら噺鍒戯紝涓嶅寘鎷�澧炲姞鍒ゅ喅锛屼篃鍙�浠ユ挙閿�鍒ゅ喅骞朵互鏇夸唬鍒ゅ喅浠ｆ浛

绗�鍗佷笁閮ㄥ垎聽Youth court procedure

Jurisdiction and Grave CrimesYC鍦∕C銆備竴涓� district judge鎴栦竴涓猵anel of young judges鑱嗚��銆傛秹鍙婅��鍛婂勾榫勫湪10宀佽嚦17宀佷箣闂寸殑妗堜欢锛屽�傛灉琚�鍛婅捣璇夋椂17锛屼絾棣栨�″嚭搴�鏃�18锛岃繖搴旂敱MC瀹＄悊锛屽�傛灉棣栨�″嚭搴�鏃�17锛屼絾瀹＄悊杩囩▼涓�骞存弧18锛孻C鍙�浠ラ�夋嫨绉讳氦MC鎴栫户缁�瀹＄悊瀵逛簬涓ラ噸缃�琛岋紙涓�浜涚壒瀹氱殑鎬х姱缃�锛屽�傛姠鍔�銆佸己濂哥瓑锛屽勾榫勫湪21宀佹垨浠ヤ笂鐨勭姜鐘�鍙�鑳借��鍒ゅ��14骞存垨鏇撮暱鏃堕棿鐨勭洃绂侊級锛孻C鍙�浠ユ帴鍙楃�¤緰鏉冿紝鎴栧皢鍏堕�佷氦CC瀹″垽銆傝�锋敞鎰忥紝鍙�鏈夊綋YC 24涓�鏈堥噺鍒戠殑鏈�澶ф潈闄愪笉瓒虫椂锛孻C鎵嶅簲璇ュ彂閫佺粰CC涓庢垚浜哄叡鍚岃��鎺х殑闈掑皯骞村皢鍦∕C涓�璧峰彈瀹°�備絾濡傛湭鎴愬勾浜鸿��瀹氱姜锛孧C鍙�灏嗘�堜欢绉讳氦YC鍒ゅ垜sentencingreferral orders锛氳�ょ姜涓旀病鏈夊墠绉戠殑琚�鍛婂彲鑾疯浆浠嬩护銆傚湪鐗规畩鎯呭喌涓嬶紝娉曢櫌涔熷彲鍙戝嚭绗�浜屾�＄Щ浜や护銆傚�傛灉娉曢櫌鍙戝嚭杞�浠嬩护锛岃�ラ潚灏戝勾灏嗚��杞�浠嬪埌鈥測outh offender panel鈥濄�傚皯骞寸姱鍜宲anel灏嗙�捐��涓�浠解�測oung offender contract鈥濄�傝繖涓�涓烘湡涓夊埌鍗佷簩涓�鏈堢殑琛屼负鐭�姝ｉ」鐩�鏃ㄥ湪闃绘�㈠勾杞荤姜鐘�鍐嶇姱銆傚皯骞村拰灏忕粍鎴愬憳鍗忓晢鍚堝悓鏉℃�撅紙涓嶆槸鍜孻C锛塂etention and Training OrdersYC鏈夋潈鏂藉姞鐨勫敮涓�涓�绉嶆嫎鐣欐儵缃氭槸Detention and Training Order銆傛硶闄㈣繕搴斿喅瀹氫竴浠藉姞寮虹洃鐫ｇ殑Youth Rehabilitation Order (&apos;YRO&apos;)鏄�鍚﹀悎閫傦紝鍚﹀垯蹇呴』瑙ｉ噴涓轰粈涔堣繖绉峐RO鏄�涓嶅悎閫傜殑銆�10鑷�11宀佺殑闈掑皯骞翠笉鑳藉彈鍒癉etention and Training Order銆傚�傛灉鏈�鎴愬勾浜虹殑骞撮緞鍦�12宀佸埌14宀佷箣闂�(鍚�14宀�)锛屾硶闄㈠彧鏈夊湪璁ゅ畾璇ユ湭鎴愬勾浜烘槸鈥滄寔缁�鎬ч潚灏戝勾缃�鐘�鈥濈殑鎯呭喌涓嬫墠鑳藉彂甯冨懡浠ゃ�傚�逛簬15宀佷互涓婄殑鏈�鎴愬勾浜猴紝娌℃湁闄愬埗銆俌RO绫讳技浜庝竴鑸�鐨勭ぞ鍖轰护锛岀敤浜庢不鐤楀悍澶嶃�佺簿绁炴不鐤椼�佽嵂鐗╂祴璇曘�佺墿璐ㄧ瓑銆傝�锋敞鎰忥紝鏈変簺瑕佹眰灏嗙姜鐘�閫佸埌褰撳湴鏀垮簻鐨勫吇鐖舵瘝閭ｉ噷鐢熸椿

16 Business Law and Practice

鍟嗕笟褰㈠紡

涓夌�嶅晢涓氱粍缁囧舰寮忥細sole trader锛堝彲鑳芥湁澶氫釜闆囧憳锛夛紝partnership锛堜粎鍦ㄥ悎浼欎汉姝讳骸鏃剁粓姝�锛屽悎浼欏崗璁�鍙�浠ユ帓闄�PA 1890鐨勯�傜敤锛夛紝company

鏈夐檺鍚堜紮浜轰笉寰楋細鎺у埗鎴栫�＄悊鏈夐檺鍚堜紮锛涙湁鏉冧唬琛ㄦ湁闄愬悎浼欎綔鍑烘湁绾︽潫鍔涚殑鍐冲畾锛涘�傛灉鏈夐檺鍚堜紮浜鸿繚鍙嶄簡杩欎簺瑙勫垯涓�鐨勪换浣曚竴鏉★紝閭ｄ箞浠栦滑灏嗗け鍘绘湁闄愯矗浠荤殑淇濇姢

鏈夐檺鍚堜紮蹇呴』鍦ㄥ叕鍙哥櫥璁板�勭櫥璁帮紝鑷�鍙楀埌certificate of incorporation鏃舵垚绔嬶紝鑰屾櫘閫氬悎浼欒嚜浠庝簨鍟嗕笟娲诲姩鏃舵垚绔�

鍏�浼楀叕鍙哥殑瑕佹眰锛氬悕绉颁腑蹇呴』瑕乸lc锛屾渶浣庢姇鍏ヨ祫鏈�5w纾咃紝姣忎竴鑲″繀椤诲疄缂村叾绁ㄩ潰浠峰�肩殑鑷冲皯鍥涘垎涔嬩竴锛岃嚦灏戜袱鍚嶈懀浜嬶紝鏈夊叕鍙哥�樹功

unlimited company鐨勮偂涓滄壙鎷呰矗浠绘槸缁欎簣claim made in liquidation锛岃�屼笉鏄�鐩存帴璧疯瘔鑲′笢

2. 鍏�鍙告垚绔�

閲囩敤model articles灏变笉闇�瑕佹彁浜�MA浜嗭紝鏈夋敼鍔ㄦ彁浜ゆ敼鍔ㄧ殑鏉℃枃灏辫��

鍏�鍙稿繀椤诲湪HMRC娉ㄥ唽浠ョ即绾崇◣鏀�

鍏�鍙稿悕绉颁笉瓒呰繃160瀛楃�︼紝娉ㄥ唽涓庢斂搴滄湁鍏崇郴鐨勫叕鍙搁渶瑕乻ecretary of state for BEIS鎵瑰噯銆傚叕鍙稿悕绉伴伩鍏嶇浉浼硷紝鍚屼竴闆嗗洟鐨勫瓙鍏�鍙稿彇鐩镐技鍚嶇О涔熼渶瑕佸嚭鍏蜂功闈㈡枃浠惰〃绀轰笉鍙嶅�圭浉浼煎悕绉般�倀rading name涓嶉渶瑕佺櫥璁�

娉ㄥ唽鍔炲叕瀹ゆ槸瀛樻斁鍏�鍙告硶瀹氳处绨挎垨鑰呰偂涓滃悕鍐岀殑鍦版柟锛屼絾杩欎簺鏂囦欢鐜板湪涔熷彲浠ュ瓨鏀惧湪companies house

first shareholders鏄�鍏�鍙稿彂璧蜂汉锛屼竴鑸�涓ゅ悕锛屽彲浠ヤ竴鍚嶏紝鏃犱笂闄�

鍏�鍙歌懀浜嬭嚦灏戜竴鍚嶏紙鍏�鍏卞叕鍙镐袱鍚嶏級锛岃嚦灏戜竴鍚嶈嚜鐒朵汉锛岀櫥璁板叾service address锛屼絾residential address鏄�鍜宑redit reference agencies鍏变韩鐨勩�傛湁闄愬叕鍙镐笉闇�瑕佸叕鍙哥�樹功锛堟病鏈夊叕鍙哥�樹功鏃讹紝鍚戝叕鍙哥�樹功閫佽揪灏辫��瑙嗕负鍚戝叕鍙搁�佽揪锛夛紝鍏�鍙哥�樹功鍙�浠ョ�捐�㈡棩甯歌繍钀ョ殑鍚堝悓锛堟瘮濡傞泧鐢ㄩ泧鍛橈級锛屼絾涓嶈兘绛捐�㈠晢涓氬悎鍚�

鍏�鍙稿彲浠ラ�氳繃鐗瑰埆鍐宠��锛堣秴杩�75%锛変慨鏀筧rticles銆傚叕鍙稿彲浠ユ病鏈夊嵃绔犳垨璐︽埛銆傛洿鏀瑰叕鍙稿悕绉伴渶瑕佺壒鍒�鍐宠��锛岃懀浜嬩袱骞翠互涓婄殑鏈嶅姟鍚堝悓闇�瑕佹櫘閫氬喅璁�锛堝氨鏄�涓ゅ勾鍐呬笉鑳界粓姝�锛岄噸鐐规槸guarantee term锛岃�屼笉鏄�闀跨煭锛夈�傝懀浜嬩笉鑳介�氳繃written resolution缃㈠厤锛岀舰鍏嶈懀浜嬫渶蹇�鐨勬柟寮忓氨鏄�鏅�閫氬喅璁�锛屼笉绠″悎鍚屽�備綍瑙勫畾

鑲′笢浼氶�氱煡蹇呴』鎻愬墠鍗佸洓澶╅�佽揪锛�6.20钁ｄ簨浼氬喅璁�锛�7.5鍙�浠ュ紑浼氾級锛屽�傛灉鏄�閭�瀵勬垨鐢靛瓙閭�瀵勶紝鍐嶅��2澶╋紝鍏�浼楀叕鍙稿紑骞村害鑲′笢浼氾紝鎻愬墠21澶�

3.decision making

钁ｄ簨涓庡叕鍙告嫙璁�鐨勪氦鏄撳埄鐩婄浉鍏崇殑锛屼笉璁″叆鎶曠エ锛堝寘鎷琿uorum鍜寁oting锛夛紝浣嗘槸杩欐潯瑙勫垯鍙�浠ヨ�玜rticles鎺掗櫎銆傝懀浜嬪繀椤荤敵鏄庡叾涓庢嫙璁�鐨勪氦鏄撳埄鐩婄浉鍏筹紝杩欐潯瑙勫垯涓嶈兘琚玜rticles鎺掗櫎銆傛姇绁ㄦ椂鍏佽�镐互涔﹂潰褰㈠紡琛ㄦ槑涓�鑷村悓鎰�

private company涓嶅繀鏈堿GM銆傝偂涓滃ぇ浼氱殑娉曞畾浜烘暟鏄�涓や汉锛岄櫎闈炴槸涓�浜哄叕鍙搞�傝偂涓滄病鏈夊洖閬胯�勫垯锛岄櫎闈炴槸鍥炶喘鏌愪簺鑲′笢鐨勮偂浠芥垨瀹℃煡鏄�鍚﹀瓨鍦ㄨ懀浜嬬殑breach of duty銆傝偂涓滀細涓诲腑锛岃懀浜嬶紝涓ゅ悕浠ヤ笂鑲′笢锛屾垨鍚堣�℃寔鏈夋姇绁ㄦ潈10%浠ヤ笂鐨勮偂涓滃彲浠ヨ�佹眰鎶曠エ

濡傛灉鏄痵hort notice寮�鑲′笢浼氾紝闇�瑕佸崐鏁颁互涓婅偂涓滐紝鎸佹湁90%浠ヤ笂鎶曠エ鏉冪殑鑲′笢鍚屾剰锛堝�逛簬鍏�浼楀叕鍙革紝闇�瑕�95%锛�

钁ｄ簨浼氬彲浠ュ喅瀹氶噰鐢ㄤ功闈㈠舰寮忓畬鎴愯偂涓滃喅璁�銆傝嚜circulation寮�濮�28澶╋紝濡傛灉娌℃湁閫氳繃锛屽垯澶辨晥

鎷ユ湁5%浠ヤ笂鎶曠エ鏉冪殑鑲′笢锛堟壙鎷呰垂鐢�锛夊彲浠ヨ�佹眰circulate 涔﹂潰鍐宠��锛屽苟闄勫甫1000璇嶇殑statement锛岀珷绋嬩笉鑳芥妸鏍囧噯鎻愰珮鍒伴珮浜�5%銆傚叕鍙歌�佸湪21澶╁唴瀹屾垚

瀹炵即姣斾緥5%浠ヤ笂鐨勮偂涓滃彲浠ヨ�佹眰钁ｄ簨浼氬紑鑲′笢浼氾紝钁ｄ簨浼�21澶╁唴瀹屾垚锛岀粰浜堢殑notice period涓嶈兘瓒呰繃28澶╋紝涔熷氨鏄�鍓嶅悗涓嶈兘瓒呰繃7鍛�

鎵�鏈夌殑鐗规畩鍐宠��閮藉繀椤诲湪filed at companies house锛屾湁浜涙櫘閫氬喅璁�涔熼渶瑕併�傚勾搴︿細璁℃姤鍛婏紝confirmation statement锛宒irector&apos;s report涔熼渶瑕乫iling锛屾椂闂撮檺鍒舵槸浼氳�″�¤�″勾搴﹀悗9涓�鏈坒or private company锛�6涓�鏈坒or public company锛岀��涓�涓�瀹¤�″勾搴﹀悗3涓�鏈坒or newly incorporated company

4. shareholder

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鑲′唤杞�璁╁悗涓や釜鏈堝唴闇�瑕佺櫥璁帮紝鐧昏�颁俊鎭�涓嶅噯纭�鎴栦笉瀹屽�囬兘灞炰簬criminal offence锛屼笉璁﹊nspect涔熸槸

Persons with significant control闇�瑕佺櫥璁帮紙瓒呰繃25%鐨勮偂鏉冩垨鎶曠エ鏉冿紝鎴栨湁鏉冮�夋嫨鎴栨帓闄ゅぇ澶氭暟钁ｄ簨浼氭垚鍛橈級

鍏�鍙稿�瑰�栨媴淇濇垨鍊熼挶缁欒懀浜嬪彧鑳介�氳繃鑲′笢浼氭櫘閫氬喅璁�

瓒呰繃10w纾呮垨瓒呰繃5000纾呬笖瓒呰繃璧勪骇浠峰��10%鐨勪氦鏄撲负閲嶅ぇ璧勪骇浜ゆ槗SPT锛岄渶瑕佽偂涓滀細鏅�閫氬喅璁�